stage0 修复windows函数没有进入宏包装

- 实现 as 类型转换运算符、修复 &&/|| 短路求值 bug。
- 在 splc1.spl 中实现 Vec/Map/Emit 基础库（~50 个方法）。
- 修复实例方法调用中 self 参数被错误丢弃的 bug。

.gitignore

@@ -2,3 +2,11 @@
 !.gitignore
 
 build/
+
+*.sir
+
+*.o
+*.obj
+
+*.exe
+*.out

build.py

@@ -0,0 +1,417 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""SPL build system - .c -> .o -> exe, .spl -> .sir, deps auto-resolved."""
+
+import argparse
+import hashlib
+import json
+import os
+import shutil
+import subprocess
+import sys
+from pathlib import Path
+
+ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parent
+BUILD_DIR = ROOT / "build"
+CACHE_FILE = BUILD_DIR / ".build_cache.json"
+DESC_FILE = ROOT / "project_desc.py"
+EXE_EXT = ".exe" if os.name == "nt" else ""
+
+CC = os.environ.get("CC", "gcc")
+CFLAGS = os.environ.get("CFLAGS", "-Wall -Wextra -O0 -g").split()
+
+def load_desc():
+    ns = {"__builtins__": __builtins__}
+    exec(DESC_FILE.read_text(), ns)
+    return {
+        "exe": ns.get("exe", {}),
+        "spl": ns.get("spl", {}),
+        "pipeline": ns.get("pipeline", {}),
+    }
+
+# ── Helpers ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+def obj_key(src):
+    return src.rsplit(".", 1)[0].replace("/", "_").replace("\\", "_")
+
+def obj_path(src):
+    return BUILD_DIR / (obj_key(src) + ".o")
+
+def exe_path(name):
+    return BUILD_DIR / (name + EXE_EXT)
+
+def sir_path(name):
+    return BUILD_DIR / (name + ".sir")
+
+# ── Cache ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+def load_cache():
+    if CACHE_FILE.is_file():
+        try:
+            return json.loads(CACHE_FILE.read_text())
+        except (json.JSONDecodeError, OSError):
+            pass
+    return {}
+
+def save_cache(cache):
+    BUILD_DIR.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    CACHE_FILE.write_text(json.dumps(cache, indent=2))
+
+def hash_file(p):
+    h = hashlib.sha256()
+    with p.open("rb") as f:
+        while chunk := f.read(65536):
+            h.update(chunk)
+    return h.hexdigest()
+
+# ── C compilation ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+_built_objs = set()
+
+def compile_c(src, cache, force):
+    key = f"obj:{src}"
+    dst = obj_path(src)
+    src_path = ROOT / src
+
+    if not src_path.is_file():
+        print(f"  ERR  {src} not found"); return False
+
+    h = hashlib.sha256()
+    h.update(hash_file(src_path).encode())
+    h.update(" ".join(CFLAGS).encode())
+    ch = h.hexdigest()
+
+    cached = cache.get(key)
+    if not force and cached and cached["h"] == ch and dst.is_file():
+        _built_objs.add(src); return True
+
+    BUILD_DIR.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    cmd = [CC] + CFLAGS + ["-c", str(src_path), "-o", str(dst)]
+    print(f"  CC    {src}")
+    if subprocess.run(cmd).returncode: return False
+    cache[key] = {"h": ch}
+    _built_objs.add(src)
+    return True
+
+def link_exe(name, sources, cache, force):
+    key = f"exe:{name}"
+    dst = exe_path(name)
+
+    # hash = concat of all input obj hashes + name
+    h = hashlib.sha256(name.encode())
+    for src in sources:
+        cached = cache.get(f"obj:{src}", {})
+        h.update(cached.get("h", "?").encode())
+    ch = h.hexdigest()
+
+    cached = cache.get(key)
+    if not force and cached and cached["h"] == ch and dst.is_file():
+        return True
+
+    cmd = [CC] + CFLAGS + [str(obj_path(s)) for s in sources] + ["-o", str(dst)]
+    print(f"  LINK  {name}")
+    if subprocess.run(cmd).returncode: return False
+    cache[key] = {"h": ch}
+    return True
+
+# ── SPL compilation ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+def find_imports(src_path):
+    """Scan source for @import("path") directives, return resolved paths."""
+    deps = []
+    try:
+        text = src_path.read_text(errors="replace")
+    except OSError:
+        return deps
+    idx = 0
+    while True:
+        idx = text.find('@import("', idx)
+        if idx < 0:
+            break
+        start = idx + 9
+        end = text.find('")', start)
+        if end < 0:
+            break
+        imp_path = text[start:end]
+        imp_file = (src_path.parent / imp_path).resolve()
+        if imp_file.is_file():
+            deps.append(imp_file)
+        idx = end + 2
+    return deps
+
+def collect_deps(src_path):
+    """Collect all transitive @import dependencies."""
+    seen = set()
+    result = []
+    def walk(p):
+        p = p.resolve()
+        if p in seen:
+            return
+        seen.add(p)
+        for dep in find_imports(p):
+            walk(dep)
+            result.append(dep)
+    walk(src_path)
+    return result
+
+def compile_spl(name, src, compiler, desc, cache, force):
+    key = f"spl:{name}"
+    dst = sir_path(name)
+    src_path = ROOT / src
+
+    if not src_path.is_file():
+        print(f"  ERR  {src} not found"); return False
+
+    h = hashlib.sha256()
+    h.update(hash_file(src_path).encode())
+
+    # Hash @import dependencies (transitive)
+    for dep in collect_deps(src_path):
+        h.update(hash_file(dep).encode())
+
+    # Determine how to run the compiler
+    if compiler in desc.get("spl", {}):
+        # SPL-based compiler: run via VM runner
+        cinfo = desc["spl"][compiler]
+        pl = desc.get("pipeline", {}).get(cinfo.get("pipeline", ""), {})
+        runner = pl.get("runner") or cinfo.get("runner", "spl_cli")
+        runner_exe = exe_path(runner)
+        sir = sir_path(compiler)
+        if runner_exe.is_file():
+            h.update(hash_file(runner_exe).encode())
+        if os.path.isfile(sir):
+            h.update(hash_file(Path(sir)).encode())
+        ch = h.hexdigest()
+        cached = cache.get(key)
+        if not force and cached and cached["h"] == ch and dst.is_file():
+            return True
+        BUILD_DIR.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+        cmd = [str(runner_exe), str(sir), str(src_path), str(dst)]
+        print(f"  SPL   {name}  ({compiler} via {runner})")
+    else:
+        # Native exe compiler
+        ce = exe_path(compiler)
+        if ce.is_file():
+            h.update(hash_file(ce).encode())
+        ch = h.hexdigest()
+        cached = cache.get(key)
+        if not force and cached and cached["h"] == ch and dst.is_file():
+            return True
+        BUILD_DIR.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+        cmd = [str(ce), str(src_path), str(dst)]
+        print(f"  SPL   {name}  ({compiler})")
+
+    if subprocess.run(cmd).returncode: return False
+    cache[key] = {"h": ch}
+    return True
+
+# ── Dependency-aware build ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+_built = set()
+
+def build(name, desc, cache, force):
+    """Build target + all deps (auto-resolved DAG traversal)."""
+    if name in _built:
+        return True
+
+    if name in desc.get("exe", {}):
+        sources = desc["exe"][name]
+        for src in sources:
+            if not compile_c(src, cache, force):
+                return False
+        if not link_exe(name, sources, cache, force):
+            return False
+
+    elif name in desc.get("spl", {}):
+        info = desc["spl"][name]
+        pl = desc.get("pipeline", {}).get(info.get("pipeline", ""), {})
+        compiler = pl.get("compiler") or info.get("compiler")
+        if not compiler:
+            print(f"  ERR  '{name}': no compiler in pipeline '{info.get('pipeline')}'")
+            return False
+        if not build(compiler, desc, cache, force):
+            return False
+        if not compile_spl(name, info["src"], compiler, desc, cache, force):
+            return False
+
+    else:
+        print(f"  ERR  unknown target '{name}'")
+        return False
+
+    _built.add(name)
+    return True
+
+def build_all(desc, cache, force):
+    targets = list(desc.get("exe", {})) + list(desc.get("spl", {}))
+    for t in targets:
+        if not build(t, desc, cache, force):
+            return False
+    return True
+
+# ── Run ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+def run_target(name, desc, cache, force, extra_args):
+    if name in desc.get("exe", {}):
+        if not build(name, desc, cache, force):
+            return 1
+        exe = exe_path(name)
+        print(f"  RUN   {name}")
+        return subprocess.run([str(exe)] + extra_args).returncode
+
+    if name in desc.get("spl", {}):
+        info = desc["spl"][name]
+        pl = desc.get("pipeline", {}).get(info.get("pipeline", ""), {})
+        runner = pl.get("runner") or info.get("runner", "spl_cli")
+        if not runner:
+            print(f"  ERR  '{name}': no runner"); return 1
+        if not build(name, desc, cache, force):
+            return 1
+        if not build(runner, desc, cache, force):
+            return 1
+        print(f"  RUN   {name}  (via {runner})")
+        return subprocess.run(
+            [str(exe_path(runner)), str(sir_path(name))] + extra_args
+        ).returncode
+
+    if name in desc.get("pipeline", {}):
+        pl = desc["pipeline"][name]
+        compiler = pl.get("compiler")
+        runner = pl.get("runner")
+        if not compiler or not runner:
+            print(f"  ERR  pipeline '{name}' missing compiler or runner"); return 1
+        if not extra_args:
+            print("  ERR  usage: run <pipeline> <src> [args]"); return 1
+        src = extra_args[0]
+
+        if not build(compiler, desc, cache, force): return 1
+        if not build(runner, desc, cache, force): return 1
+
+        sir_name = "pipeline_" + hashlib.sha256(str(ROOT / src).encode()).hexdigest()[:8]
+        if not compile_spl(sir_name, src, compiler, desc, cache, force):
+            return 1
+
+        print(f"  RUN   pipeline {name}  ({src})")
+        return subprocess.run(
+            [str(exe_path(runner)), str(sir_path(sir_name))] + extra_args[1:]
+        ).returncode
+
+    print(f"  ERR  unknown target '{name}'"); return 1
+
+# ── Clean / List ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+def clean():
+    if BUILD_DIR.is_dir():
+        shutil.rmtree(BUILD_DIR)
+        print(f"  CLEAN {BUILD_DIR}")
+
+def list_targets(desc):
+    print("Executables (.c -> .o -> exe):")
+    for name, sources in desc.get("exe", {}).items():
+        print(f"  {name}")
+        for s in sources:
+            print(f"    {s}")
+    if desc.get("spl"):
+        print("\nSPL programs (.spl -> .sir via pipeline):")
+        for name, info in desc["spl"].items():
+            pl_name = info.get("pipeline", "-")
+            print(f"  {name}  pipeline={pl_name}  src={info['src']}")
+    if desc.get("pipeline"):
+        print("\nPipelines:")
+        for name, pl in desc["pipeline"].items():
+            print(f"  {name}  compiler={pl['compiler']}  runner={pl.get('runner', '-')}")
+
+# ── CLI ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+def main():
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="SPL build system")
+    sub = parser.add_subparsers(dest="command")
+
+    bp = sub.add_parser("build", help="build targets (default: all)")
+    bp.add_argument("targets", nargs="*")
+    bp.add_argument("-f", "--force", action="store_true")
+
+    rp = sub.add_parser("run", help="build and run a target, or run pipeline <name> <src> [args]")
+    rp.add_argument("target")
+    rp.add_argument("extra", nargs="*")
+
+    sub.add_parser("test", help="build and run VM unit tests")
+    sub.add_parser("clean", help="remove build artifacts")
+    sub.add_parser("list", help="list all targets")
+
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+
+    if not DESC_FILE.is_file():
+        print(f"ERR  {DESC_FILE} not found"); return 1
+
+    # Default: build all
+    if args.command is None:
+        desc = load_desc(); cache = load_cache()
+        ok = build_all(desc, cache, False)
+        save_cache(cache)
+        return 0 if ok else 1
+
+    # Build
+    if args.command == "build":
+        desc = load_desc(); cache = load_cache()
+        if args.targets:
+            ok = all(build(t, desc, cache, args.force) for t in args.targets)
+        else:
+            ok = build_all(desc, cache, args.force)
+        save_cache(cache)
+        return 0 if ok else 1
+
+    # Run
+    if args.command == "run":
+        desc = load_desc(); cache = load_cache()
+        rc = run_target(args.target, desc, cache, False, args.extra)
+        save_cache(cache)
+        return rc
+
+    # Pipeline: build compiler -> compile .spl -> run via runner
+    if args.command == "pipeline":
+        desc = load_desc(); cache = load_cache()
+        pl = desc.get("pipeline", {}).get(args.name)
+        if not pl:
+            print(f"  ERR  unknown pipeline '{args.name}'"); return 1
+        compiler = pl.get("compiler")
+        runner = pl.get("runner")
+        if not compiler or not runner:
+            print(f"  ERR  pipeline '{args.name}' missing compiler or runner"); return 1
+        src_path = ROOT / args.src
+        if not src_path.is_file():
+            print(f"  ERR  source not found: {args.src}"); return 1
+
+        # Build compiler + runner
+        if not build(compiler, desc, cache, False): return 1
+        if not build(runner, desc, cache, False): return 1
+
+        # Compile .spl -> .sir (temp name = src path hash)
+        sir_name = "pipeline_" + hashlib.sha256(str(src_path).encode()).hexdigest()[:8]
+        if not compile_spl(sir_name, args.src, compiler, desc, cache, False):
+            return 1
+
+        # Run .sir via runner
+        print(f"  PIPELINE {args.name}  ({args.src})")
+        rc = subprocess.run(
+            [str(exe_path(runner)), str(sir_path(sir_name))] + args.extra
+        ).returncode
+        save_cache(cache)
+        return rc
+
+    # Test
+    if args.command == "test":
+        desc = load_desc(); cache = load_cache()
+        ok = build("test", desc, cache, False)
+        save_cache(cache)
+        if not ok: return 1
+        return subprocess.run([str(exe_path("test"))]).returncode
+
+    # Clean / List
+    if args.command == "clean":
+        clean(); return 0
+    if args.command == "list":
+        list_targets(load_desc()); return 0
+
+    return 0
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    sys.exit(main())

project_desc.py

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+vm = [
+    "stage0/spl_mcode.c",
+    "stage0/spl_syscall.c",
+    "stage0/spl_vm.c",
+]
+
+splc0_part = [
+    # "stage1/spl_ir.c",
+    "stage1/spl_ast.c",
+    "stage1/spl_lexer.c",
+    "stage1/spl_dumptree.c",
+    # "stage1/spl_type.c",
+    # "stage1/spl_sema.c",
+    # "stage1/spl_builtin.c",
+    # "stage1/spl_ast2ir.c",
+    # "stage1/spl_ir2vm.c",
+]
+
+exe = {
+    "spl_cli":   ["stage0/spl_cli.c"] + vm,
+    "splc0":     ["stage1/splc0.c"] + vm + splc0_part,
+    "test":      ["stage0/test_spl_vm.c"] + vm,
+    "spl_disasm": ["stage0/spl_disasm.c"] + vm,
+}
+
+pipeline = {
+    "splc0b": {"compiler": "splc0", "runner": "spl_cli"},
+    "splc0r": {"compiler": "splc0", "runner": "spl_cli"},
+    "splc0d": {"compiler": "splc0", "runner": "spl_disasm"},
+
+    "splc1b": {"compiler": "splc0", "runner": "spl_cli"},
+    "splc1r": {"compiler": "splc1", "runner": "spl_cli"},
+    "splc1d": {"compiler": "splc1", "runner": "spl_disasm"},
+
+    "splc2b": {"compiler": "splc1", "runner": "spl_cli"},
+    "splc2r": {"compiler": "splc2", "runner": "spl_cli"},
+    "splc2d": {"compiler": "splc2", "runner": "spl_disasm"},
+
+    "splc3b": {"compiler": "splc2", "runner": "spl_cli"},
+    "splc3r": {"compiler": "splc3", "runner": "spl_cli"},
+    "splc3d": {"compiler": "splc3", "runner": "spl_disasm"},
+
+    "splc4b": {"compiler": "splc3", "runner": "spl_cli"},
+    "splc4r": {"compiler": "splc4", "runner": "spl_cli"},
+    "splc4d": {"compiler": "splc4", "runner": "spl_disasm"},
+}
+
+spl = {
+    "splc1": {"src": "stage2/splc1.spl", "pipeline": "splc0r"},
+    "splc2": {"src": "stage2/splc2.spl", "pipeline": "splc1r"},
+    "splc3": {"src": "stage3/splc3.spl", "pipeline": "splc2r"},
+    "splc4": {"src": "stage4/splc4.spl", "pipeline": "splc3r"},
+}

stage0/include/color.h

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+/**
+ * @file color.h
+ * @brief ANSI终端颜色控制码定义
+ *
+ * 提供跨平台的终端文本颜色和样式控制支持
+ */
+
+#ifndef __SCC_TERMINAL_COLOR_H__
+#define __SCC_TERMINAL_COLOR_H__
+
+/* clang-format off */
+/// @name 前景色控制码
+/// @{
+#define ANSI_FG_BLACK   "\33[30m"   ///< 黑色前景
+#define ANSI_FG_RED     "\33[31m"   ///< 红色前景
+#define ANSI_FG_GREEN   "\33[32m"   ///< 绿色前景
+#define ANSI_FG_YELLOW  "\33[33m"   ///< 黄色前景
+#define ANSI_FG_BLUE    "\33[34m"   ///< 蓝色前景
+#define ANSI_FG_MAGENTA "\33[35m"   ///< 品红色前景
+#define ANSI_FG_CYAN    "\33[36m"   ///< 青色前景
+#define ANSI_FG_WHITE   "\33[37m"   ///< 白色前景
+/// @}
+
+/// @name 背景色控制码
+/// @{
+#define ANSI_BG_BLACK   "\33[40m"   ///< 黑色背景
+#define ANSI_BG_RED     "\33[41m"   ///< 红色背景
+#define ANSI_BG_GREEN   "\33[42m"   ///< 绿色背景
+#define ANSI_BG_YELLOW  "\33[43m"   ///< 黄色背景
+#define ANSI_BG_BLUE    "\33[44m"   ///< 蓝色背景
+#define ANSI_BG_MAGENTA "\33[45m"   ///< 品红色背景（注：原始代码此处应为45m）
+#define ANSI_BG_CYAN    "\33[46m"   ///< 青色背景
+#define ANSI_BG_WHITE   "\33[47m"   ///< 白色背景
+/// @}
+
+/// @name 文字样式控制码
+/// @{
+#define ANSI_UNDERLINED "\33[4m"    ///< 下划线样式
+#define ANSI_BOLD       "\33[1m"    ///< 粗体样式
+#define ANSI_NONE       "\33[0m"    ///< 重置所有样式
+/// @}
+/* clang-format on */
+
+/**
+ * @def ANSI_FMT
+ * @brief 安全文本格式化宏
+ * @param str 目标字符串
+ * @param fmt ANSI格式序列（可组合多个样式）
+ *
+ * @note 当定义ANSI_FMT_DISABLE时自动禁用颜色输出
+ * @code
+ * printf(ANSI_FMT("Warning!", ANSI_FG_YELLOW ANSI_BOLD));
+ * @endcode
+ */
+#ifndef ANSI_FMT_DISABLE
+#define ANSI_FMT(str, fmt) fmt str ANSI_NONE ///< 启用样式包裹
+#else
+#define ANSI_FMT(str, fmt) str ///< 禁用样式输出
+#endif
+
+#endif /* __SCC_TERMINAL_COLOR_H__ */

stage0/include/core_map.h

@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+#ifndef __CORE_MAP_H__
+#define __CORE_MAP_H__
+
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#ifndef nullptr
+#define nullptr NULL
+#endif
+typedef uintptr_t usize;
+typedef intptr_t isize;
+
+#define MAP_TYPEOF __typeof__
+
+/* 状态常量 */
+#define __MAP_SLOT_EMPTY 0
+#define __MAP_SLOT_OCCUPIED 1
+#define __MAP_SLOT_DELETED 2
+
+/* 默认负载因子 factor/128 */
+#define MAP_DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR 70
+
+/* ---------- 默认哈希/比较函数 ---------- */
+#define MAP_HASH_INT(k) ((usize)((k) * 2654435761U))
+#define MAP_CMP_INT(a, b) ((a) != (b))
+
+static inline usize map_hash_str(const char *s) {
+    usize h = 5381;
+    while (*s)
+        h = ((h << 5) + h) + (unsigned char)*s++;
+    return h;
+}
+#define MAP_HASH_STR map_hash_str
+#define MAP_CMP_STR strcmp
+
+/* ---------- 数据结构宏 ---------- */
+#define MAP_SLOT(key_t, val_t)                                                                     \
+    struct {                                                                                       \
+        key_t key;                                                                                 \
+        val_t val;                                                                                 \
+        char state;                                                                                \
+    }
+
+#define MAP(key_t, val_t)                                                                          \
+    struct {                                                                                       \
+        usize size;                                                                                \
+        usize cap;                                                                                 \
+        MAP_SLOT(key_t, val_t) * data;                                                             \
+        usize (*hash)(key_t);                                                                      \
+        int (*cmp)(key_t, key_t);                                                                  \
+    }
+
+/* ---------- 操作宏 ---------- */
+
+/** 初始化，必须提供哈希和比较函数 */
+#define map_init(map, hash_fn, cmp_fn)                                                             \
+    do {                                                                                           \
+        (map).size = 0;                                                                            \
+        (map).cap = 0;                                                                             \
+        (map).data = nullptr;                                                                      \
+        (map).hash = (hash_fn);                                                                    \
+        (map).cmp = (cmp_fn);                                                                      \
+    } while (0)
+
+/** 释放内部数组 */
+#define map_free(map)                                                                              \
+    do {                                                                                           \
+        free((map).data);                                                                          \
+        (map).data = nullptr;                                                                      \
+        (map).size = (map).cap = 0;                                                                \
+    } while (0)
+
+/** 遍历所有有效元素 */
+#define map_for(map, idx)                                                                          \
+    for (usize(idx) = 0; (idx) < (map).cap; ++(idx))                                               \
+        if ((map).data[(idx)].state == __MAP_SLOT_OCCUPIED)
+
+/**
+ * 插入（若键已存在则更新值）
+ * 注意：扩容使用 realloc，失败会 abort（可自行修改错误处理）
+ */
+#define map_put(map, _key, _val)                                                                   \
+    do {                                                                                           \
+        /* 扩容 */                                                                                 \
+        if ((map).cap == 0 || (map).size * 128 / (map).cap >= MAP_DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR) {           \
+            usize new_cap = (map).cap == 0 ? 8 : (map).cap * 2;                                    \
+            MAP_SLOT(MAP_TYPEOF((map).data->key), MAP_TYPEOF((map).data->val)) *new_data =         \
+                calloc(new_cap, sizeof(*new_data));                                                \
+            if (!new_data)                                                                         \
+                abort();                                                                           \
+            /* 重新插入旧元素 */                                                                   \
+            for (usize _i = 0; _i < (map).cap; ++_i) {                                             \
+                if ((map).data[_i].state == __MAP_SLOT_OCCUPIED) {                                 \
+                    usize _h = (map).hash((map).data[_i].key) & (new_cap - 1);                     \
+                    while (new_data[_h].state == __MAP_SLOT_OCCUPIED)                              \
+                        _h = (_h + 1) & (new_cap - 1);                                             \
+                    new_data[_h].key = (map).data[_i].key;                                         \
+                    new_data[_h].val = (map).data[_i].val;                                         \
+                    new_data[_h].state = __MAP_SLOT_OCCUPIED;                                      \
+                }                                                                                  \
+            }                                                                                      \
+            free((map).data);                                                                      \
+            (map).data = (void *)new_data;                                                         \
+            (map).cap = new_cap;                                                                   \
+        }                                                                                          \
+        /* 查找或插入 */                                                                           \
+        usize _mask = (map).cap - 1;                                                               \
+        usize _idx = (map).hash(_key) & _mask;                                                     \
+        usize _first_del = (usize) - 1;                                                            \
+        while ((map).data[_idx].state != __MAP_SLOT_EMPTY) {                                       \
+            if ((map).data[_idx].state == __MAP_SLOT_OCCUPIED &&                                   \
+                (map).cmp((map).data[_idx].key, _key) == 0) {                                      \
+                (map).data[_idx].val = _val;                                                       \
+                break;                                                                             \
+            }                                                                                      \
+            if ((map).data[_idx].state == __MAP_SLOT_DELETED && _first_del == (usize) - 1)         \
+                _first_del = _idx;                                                                 \
+            _idx = (_idx + 1) & _mask;                                                             \
+        }                                                                                          \
+        if ((map).data[_idx].state == __MAP_SLOT_EMPTY) {                                          \
+            usize _target = (_first_del != (usize) - 1) ? _first_del : _idx;                       \
+            (map).data[_target].key = _key;                                                        \
+            (map).data[_target].val = _val;                                                        \
+            (map).data[_target].state = __MAP_SLOT_OCCUPIED;                                       \
+            ++(map).size;                                                                          \
+        }                                                                                          \
+    } while (0)
+
+/**
+ * 查询：若找到，*out_val 被赋值为对应值并返回 1；否则返回 0
+ */
+#define map_get(map, _key, out_val)                                                                \
+    (({                                                                                            \
+        int _found = 0;                                                                            \
+        if ((map).cap > 0) {                                                                       \
+            usize _mask = (map).cap - 1;                                                           \
+            usize _idx = (map).hash(_key) & _mask;                                                 \
+            while ((map).data[_idx].state != __MAP_SLOT_EMPTY) {                                   \
+                if ((map).data[_idx].state == __MAP_SLOT_OCCUPIED &&                               \
+                    (map).cmp((map).data[_idx].key, _key) == 0) {                                  \
+                    *out_val = (map).data[_idx].val;                                               \
+                    _found = 1;                                                                    \
+                    break;                                                                         \
+                }                                                                                  \
+                _idx = (_idx + 1) & _mask;                                                         \
+            }                                                                                      \
+        }                                                                                          \
+        _found;                                                                                    \
+    }))
+
+/**
+ * 删除指定键
+ */
+#define map_del(map, _key)                                                                         \
+    do {                                                                                           \
+        if ((map).cap == 0)                                                                        \
+            break;                                                                                 \
+        usize _mask = (map).cap - 1;                                                               \
+        usize _idx = (map).hash(_key) & _mask;                                                     \
+        while ((map).data[_idx].state != __MAP_SLOT_EMPTY) {                                       \
+            if ((map).data[_idx].state == __MAP_SLOT_OCCUPIED &&                                   \
+                (map).cmp((map).data[_idx].key, _key) == 0) {                                      \
+                (map).data[_idx].state = __MAP_SLOT_DELETED;                                       \
+                --(map).size;                                                                      \
+                break;                                                                             \
+            }                                                                                      \
+            _idx = (_idx + 1) & _mask;                                                             \
+        }                                                                                          \
+    } while (0)
+
+#endif /* __CORE_MAP_H__ */

stage0/include/core_vec.h

@@ -0,0 +1,258 @@
+/**
+ * @file vec.h
+ * @brief 动态数组（Dynamic Array）实现
+ *
+ * 提供类型安全的动态数组容器实现，支持自动扩容和基本操作
+ */
+
+#ifndef __CORE_VEC_H__
+#define __CORE_VEC_H__
+
+#define __CORE_VEC_USE_STD__
+#ifndef __CORE_VEC_USE_STD__
+#include "core_log.h"
+
+#include "core_impl.h"
+#include "core_type.h"
+#define __vec_realloc realloc
+#define __vec_free free
+#define __vec_memcpy memcpy
+#else
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#ifndef nullptr
+#define nullptr NULL
+#endif
+typedef size_t usize;
+#define __vec_realloc realloc
+#define __vec_free free
+#define __vec_memcpy memcpy
+
+#ifndef LOG_FATAL
+#include <stdio.h>
+#define LOG_FATAL(...)                                                                             \
+    do {                                                                                           \
+        printf(__VA_ARGS__);                                                                       \
+        abort();                                                                                   \
+    } while (0)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef Assert
+#include <assert.h>
+#define Assert(cond) assert(cond)
+#endif
+#endif
+
+/** @defgroup vec_struct 数据结构定义 */
+
+/**
+ * @def VEC(type)
+ * @brief 声明向量结构体
+ * @param type 存储的数据类型
+ *
+ * 生成包含size/cap/data三个字段的结构体定义：
+ * - size: 当前元素数量
+ * - cap: 数组容量
+ * - data: 存储数组指针
+ * @example
+ * VEC(char) string; <=> char[dynamic_array] string;
+ * struct people { VEC(char) name; int age; VEC(struct people) children;
+ * };
+ */
+#define VEC(type)                                                                                  \
+    struct {                                                                                       \
+        usize size;                                                                                \
+        usize cap;                                                                                 \
+        type *data;                                                                                \
+    }
+
+/** @defgroup vec_operations 动态数组操作宏 */
+
+/**
+ * @def vec_init(vec)
+ * @brief 初始化向量结构体
+ * @param vec 要初始化的向量结构体变量
+ *
+ * @note 此宏不会分配内存，仅做零初始化
+ */
+#define vec_init(vec)                                                                              \
+    do {                                                                                           \
+        (vec).size = 0, (vec).cap = 0, (vec).data = 0;                                             \
+    } while (0)
+
+#define vec_realloc(vec, new_cap)                                                                  \
+    do {                                                                                           \
+        void *data = __vec_realloc((vec).data, new_cap * sizeof(*(vec).data));                     \
+        if (!data) {                                                                               \
+            LOG_FATAL("vector_push: realloc failed\n");                                            \
+        }                                                                                          \
+        (vec).cap = new_cap;                                                                       \
+        (vec).data = data;                                                                         \
+    } while (0)
+
+#define vec_size(vec) ((vec).size)
+#define vec_cap(vec) ((vec).cap)
+#define vec_for(vec, idx) for (usize idx = 0; idx < vec_size(vec); idx += 1)
+
+/**
+ * @def vec_push(vec, value)
+ * @brief 添加元素到向量末尾
+ * @param vec 目标向量结构体
+ * @param value 要添加的值（需匹配存储类型）
+ *
+ * @note 当容量不足时自动扩容为2倍（初始容量为4）
+ * @warning 内存分配失败时会触发LOG_FATAL
+ */
+#define vec_push(vec, value)                                                                       \
+    do {                                                                                           \
+        if ((vec).size >= (vec).cap) {                                                             \
+            usize cap = (vec).cap ? (vec).cap * 2 : 4;                                             \
+            vec_realloc(vec, cap);                                                                 \
+        }                                                                                          \
+        Assert((vec).data != nullptr);                                                             \
+        (vec).data[(vec).size++] = value;                                                          \
+    } while (0)
+
+/**
+ * @def vec_pop(vec)
+ * @brief 弹出最后一个元素
+ * @param vec 目标向量结构体
+ * @return 最后元素的引用
+ * @warning 需确保size > 0时使用
+ */
+#define vec_pop(vec) ((vec).data[--(vec).size])
+
+/**
+ * @def vec_at(vec, idx)
+ * @brief 获取指定索引元素
+ * @param vec 目标向量结构体
+ * @param idx 元素索引（0 <= idx < size）
+ * @return 对应元素的引用
+ */
+#define vec_at(vec, idx) (((vec).data)[idx])
+
+/**
+ * @def vec_idx(vec, ptr)
+ * @brief 获取元素指针对应的索引
+ * @param vec 目标向量结构体
+ * @param ptr 元素指针（需在data数组范围内）
+ * @return 元素索引值
+ */
+#define vec_idx(vec, ptr) ((ptr) - (vec).data)
+
+/**
+ * @def vec_free(vec)
+ * @brief 释放向量内存
+ * @param vec 目标向量结构体
+ *
+ * @note 释放后需重新初始化才能再次使用
+ */
+#define vec_free(vec)                                                                              \
+    do {                                                                                           \
+        if ((vec).data == nullptr)                                                                 \
+            break;                                                                                 \
+        __vec_free((vec).data);                                                                    \
+        (vec).data = nullptr;                                                                      \
+        (vec).size = (vec).cap = 0;                                                                \
+    } while (0)
+
+#define vec_unsafe_get_data(vec) ((vec).data)
+
+#define vec_unsafe_from_buffer(vec, buffer, buffer_size)                                           \
+    do {                                                                                           \
+        (vec).size = buffer_size;                                                                  \
+        (vec).cap = (vec).size;                                                                    \
+        (vec).data = buffer;                                                                       \
+    } while (0)
+
+#define vec_unsafe_from_static_array(vec, array)                                                   \
+    do {                                                                                           \
+        (vec).size = sizeof(array) / sizeof((array)[0]);                                           \
+        (vec).cap = (vec).size;                                                                    \
+        (vec).data = array;                                                                        \
+    } while (0)
+
+/**
+ * @def vec_sized_realloc(vec, elem_size, new_cap)
+ * @brief 内部宏：按 elem_size 重新分配内存
+ */
+#define vec_sized_realloc(vec, elem_size, new_cap)                                                 \
+    do {                                                                                           \
+        void *new_data = __vec_realloc((vec).data, (new_cap) * (elem_size));                       \
+        if (!new_data)                                                                             \
+            LOG_FATAL("vec_sized_realloc: failed\n");                                              \
+        (vec).data = new_data;                                                                     \
+        (vec).cap = new_cap;                                                                       \
+    } while (0)
+
+/**
+ * @def vec_sized_push(vec, elem_size, src_ptr)
+ * @brief 添加一个元素（从 src_ptr 拷贝 elem_size 字节）
+ * @param vec        VEC(type) 定义的向量变量（type 可为 char 或 void）
+ * @param elem_size  每个元素占用的字节数
+ * @param src_ptr    源数据的指针
+ * @param copy_size  要拷贝的字节数
+ *
+ * @note 使用前需确保 vec.data 类型与 src_ptr 无关，内部会按字节拷贝。
+ *       推荐声明时为 `VEC(char)` 或 `VEC(unsigned char)`。
+ */
+#define vec_sized_push(vec, elem_size, src_ptr, copy_size)                                         \
+    do {                                                                                           \
+        if ((vec).size >= (vec).cap) {                                                             \
+            usize new_cap = (vec).cap ? (vec).cap * 2 : 4;                                         \
+            vec_sized_realloc(vec, elem_size, new_cap);                                            \
+        }                                                                                          \
+        char *slot = (char *)(vec).data + (vec).size * (elem_size);                                \
+        __vec_memcpy(slot, (src_ptr), (copy_size));                                                \
+        (vec).size++;                                                                              \
+    } while (0)
+
+/**
+ * @def vec_sized_at_ptr(vec, elem_size, idx)
+ * @brief 获取第 idx 个元素的指针（void*）
+ * @return 指向元素的指针，需转换为具体类型使用
+ */
+#define vec_sized_at_ptr(vec, elem_size, idx) ((void *)((char *)(vec).data + (idx) * (elem_size)))
+
+/**
+ * @def vec_sized_foreach(vec, elem_size, elem_ptr_var, block)
+ * @brief 遍历所有元素
+ * @param elem_ptr_var  循环内的变量名（void* 类型）
+ * @param block         循环体语句块
+ */
+#define vec_sized_foreach(vec, elem_size, elem_ptr_var, block)                                     \
+    do {                                                                                           \
+        for (usize __i = 0; __i < (vec).size; ++__i) {                                             \
+            void *elem_ptr_var = vec_sized_at_ptr(vec, elem_size, __i);                            \
+            block;                                                                                 \
+        }                                                                                          \
+    } while (0)
+
+/**
+ * @def vec_sized_pop(vec, elem_size)
+ * @brief 弹出最后一个元素（仅减小 size，不返回数据）
+ */
+#define vec_sized_pop(vec, elem_size)                                                              \
+    do {                                                                                           \
+        if ((vec).size == 0)                                                                       \
+            LOG_FATAL("vec_sized_pop: empty\n");                                                   \
+        (vec).size--;                                                                              \
+    } while (0)
+
+/**
+ * @def vec_sized_clear(vec)
+ * @brief 清空向量（重置 size = 0，不释放内存）
+ */
+#define vec_sized_clear(vec) ((vec).size = 0)
+
+/**
+ * @def vec_sized_free(vec)
+ * @brief 释放向量内存（与原始 vec_free 相同，可复用）
+ * @note 注意：如果元素内部有堆资源，需在释放前自行遍历调用析构函数。
+ */
+#define vec_sized_free(vec) vec_free(vec)
+
+#endif /* __CORE_VEC_H__ */

stage0/include/log.c

@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+#include "log.h"
+
+static inline int log_snprintf(char *s, size_t n, const char *format, ...) {
+    int ret;
+    va_list args;
+    va_start(args, format);
+    ret = log_vsnprintf(s, n, format, args);
+    va_end(args);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+int log_default_handler(logger_t *module, log_level_t level, const char *file, int line,
+                        const char *func, const char *fmt, ...) {
+    const char *level_str;
+    int offset = 0;
+    va_list args;
+    va_start(args, fmt);
+    /* clang-format off */
+    switch (level) {
+    case LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG: level_str = "DEBUG"; break;
+    case LOG_LEVEL_INFO:  level_str = "INFO "; break;
+    case LOG_LEVEL_WARN:  level_str = "WARN "; break;
+    case LOG_LEVEL_ERROR: level_str = "ERROR"; break;
+    case LOG_LEVEL_FATAL: level_str = "FATAL"; break;
+    case LOG_LEVEL_TRACE: level_str = "TRACE"; break;
+    default:              level_str = "NOTSET"; break;
+    }
+/// @note: 定义 __LOG_NO_COLOR__ 会取消颜色输出
+#ifndef __LOG_NO_COLOR__
+    const char *color_code;
+    switch (level) {
+        case LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG: color_code = ANSI_FG_CYAN; break;
+        case LOG_LEVEL_INFO:  color_code = ANSI_FG_GREEN; break;
+        case LOG_LEVEL_TRACE: color_code = ANSI_FG_BLUE; break;
+        case LOG_LEVEL_WARN:  color_code = ANSI_FG_YELLOW; break;
+        case LOG_LEVEL_ERROR: color_code = ANSI_FG_RED; break;
+        case LOG_LEVEL_FATAL: color_code = ANSI_FG_RED ANSI_UNDERLINED; break;
+        default: color_code = ANSI_NONE;
+    }
+    /* clang-format on */
+    offset = log_snprintf(module->buf, sizeof(module->buf),
+                          ANSI_BOLD "%s[%s] %s - %s:%d in %s()" ANSI_NONE " ", color_code,
+                          level_str, module->name, file, line, func);
+#else
+    offset = log_snprintf(module->buf, sizeof(module->buf), "[%s] %s - %s:%d in %s() ", level_str,
+                          module->name, file, line, func);
+#endif
+    /* 然后写入用户消息（如果有） */
+    if (fmt && fmt[0]) {
+        log_vsnprintf(module->buf + offset, sizeof(module->buf) - offset, fmt, args);
+    }
+    va_end(args);
+    log_puts(module->buf);
+    // for clangd warning
+    // clang-analyzer-deadcode.DeadStores
+    (void)color_code;
+    (void)level_str;
+    if (level & LOG_LEVEL_FATAL) {
+        log_abort();
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+logger_t __default_logger_root = {
+    .name = "root",
+    .level = LOG_LEVEL_ALL,
+    .handler = log_default_handler,
+};
+
+void init_logger(logger_t *logger, const char *name) {
+    logger->name = name;
+    logger->handler = log_default_handler;
+    log_set_level(logger, LOG_LEVEL_ALL);
+}
+
+void log_set_level(logger_t *logger, int level) {
+    if (logger)
+        logger->level = level;
+    else
+        __default_logger_root.level = level;
+}
+
+void log_set_handler(logger_t *logger, log_handler handler) {
+    if (logger)
+        logger->handler = handler;
+    else
+        __default_logger_root.handler = handler;
+}

stage0/include/log.h

@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+/**
+ * @file log.h
+ * @brief 日志系统核心模块（支持多级日志、断言和异常处理）
+ */
+
+#ifndef __SCC_LOG_IMPL_H__
+#define __SCC_LOG_IMPL_H__
+
+#include "color.h"
+#include <stdarg.h>
+
+#ifdef __SCC_LOG_IMPL_USE_STD_IMPL__
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#define log_vsnprintf vsnprintf
+#define log_puts puts
+#define log_abort() exit(1)
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __GNUC__ // GCC, Clang
+#define __scc_log_unreachable() (__builtin_unreachable())
+#elif defined _MSC_VER // MSVC
+#define __scc_log_unreachable() (__assume(false))
+#elif defined __SCC_BUILTIN_UNREACHEABLE__ // The SCC Compiler (my compiler)
+#define __scc_log_unreachable() (__scc_builtin_unreachable())
+#else
+#define __scc_log_unreachable() ((void)0)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef log_vsnprintf
+#define log_vsnprintf(...)
+#warning "log_vsnprintf not defined"
+#endif
+
+#ifndef log_puts
+#define log_puts(...)
+#warning "log_puts not defined"
+#endif
+
+#ifndef log_abort
+#define log_abort(...)
+#warning "log_abort not defined"
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * @brief 日志级别枚举
+ *
+ * 定义日志系统的输出级别和组合标志位
+ */
+typedef enum log_level {
+    LOG_LEVEL_NOTSET = 0,     ///< 未设置级别（继承默认配置）
+    LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG = 1 << 0, ///< 调试信息（开发阶段详细信息）
+    LOG_LEVEL_INFO = 1 << 1,  ///< 常规信息（系统运行状态）
+    LOG_LEVEL_WARN = 1 << 2,  ///< 警告信息（潜在问题提示）
+    LOG_LEVEL_ERROR = 1 << 3, ///< 错误信息（可恢复的错误）
+    LOG_LEVEL_FATAL = 1 << 4, ///< 致命错误（导致程序终止的严重错误）
+    LOG_LEVEL_TRACE = 1 << 5, ///< 追踪（性能追踪或者栈帧追踪）
+    LOG_LEVEL_ALL = 0xFF,     ///< 全级别标志（组合所有日志级别）
+} log_level_t;
+
+#ifndef LOGGER_MAX_BUF_SIZE
+#define LOGGER_MAX_BUF_SIZE 512 ///< 单条日志最大缓冲区尺寸
+#endif
+
+typedef struct logger logger_t;
+
+typedef int (*log_handler)(logger_t *module, log_level_t level, const char *file, int line,
+                           const char *func, const char *fmt, ...);
+
+/**
+ * @brief 日志器实例结构体
+ *
+ * 每个日志器实例维护独立的配置和缓冲区
+ */
+struct logger {
+    const char *name;  ///< 日志器名称（用于模块区分）
+    log_level_t level; ///< 当前设置的日志级别
+    union {
+        log_handler handler;
+        void *user_handler;
+    }; ///< 日志处理回调函数
+    void *user_data;               ///< 用户自定义数据
+    char buf[LOGGER_MAX_BUF_SIZE]; ///< 格式化缓冲区
+};
+
+int log_default_handler(logger_t *module, log_level_t level, const char *file, int line,
+                        const char *func, const char *fmt, ...);
+extern logger_t __default_logger_root;
+#ifndef LOG_DEFAULT_HANDLER
+#define LOG_DEFAULT_HANDLER &__default_logger_root
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * @brief 初始化日志实例 其余参数设置为默认值
+ * @param[in] logger 日志器实例指针
+ * @param[in] name 日志器名称（nullptr表示获取默认日志器名称）
+ */
+void init_logger(logger_t *logger, const char *name);
+
+/**
+ * @brief 设置日志级别
+ * @param[in] logger 目标日志器实例
+ * @param[in] level 要设置的日志级别（可组合多个级别）
+ */
+void log_set_level(logger_t *logger, int level);
+
+/**
+ * @brief 设置自定义日志处理器
+ * @param[in] logger 目标日志器实例
+ * @param[in] handler 自定义处理函数（nullptr恢复默认处理）
+ */
+void log_set_handler(logger_t *logger, log_handler handler);
+
+#ifndef LOG_MAX_MAROC_BUF_SIZE
+#define LOG_MAX_MAROC_BUF_SIZE LOGGER_MAX_BUF_SIZE ///< 宏展开缓冲区尺寸
+#endif
+
+#define SCC_LOG_HANDLE_ARGS(_module_, _level_, ...)                                                \
+    (_module_), (_level_), __FILE__, __LINE__, __func__, ##__VA_ARGS__
+
+#define SCC_LOG_IMPL(_module_, _level_, _fmt_, ...)                                                \
+    do {                                                                                           \
+        /* TODO check _module_ is nullptr */                                                       \
+        if ((_module_)->handler && ((_module_)->level & (_level_)))                                \
+            (_module_)->handler(SCC_LOG_HANDLE_ARGS(_module_, _level_, _fmt_, ##__VA_ARGS__));     \
+    } while (0)
+
+/* clang-format off */
+/// @name 模块日志宏
+/// @{
+#define MLOG_NOTSET(module, ...)SCC_LOG_IMPL(module, LOG_LEVEL_NOTSET, __VA_ARGS__) ///< 未分类日志
+#define MLOG_DEBUG(module, ...) SCC_LOG_IMPL(module, LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG, __VA_ARGS__) ///< 调试日志（需启用DEBUG级别）
+#define MLOG_INFO(module, ...)  SCC_LOG_IMPL(module, LOG_LEVEL_INFO, __VA_ARGS__) ///< 信息日志（常规运行日志）
+#define MLOG_WARN(module, ...)  SCC_LOG_IMPL(module, LOG_LEVEL_WARN, __VA_ARGS__) ///< 警告日志（潜在问题）
+#define MLOG_ERROR(module, ...) SCC_LOG_IMPL(module, LOG_LEVEL_ERROR, __VA_ARGS__) ///< 错误日志（可恢复错误）
+#define MLOG_FATAL(module, ...) SCC_LOG_IMPL(module, LOG_LEVEL_FATAL, __VA_ARGS__) ///< 致命错误日志（程序终止前）
+#define MLOG_TRACE(module, ...) SCC_LOG_IMPL(module, LOG_LEVEL_TRACE, __VA_ARGS__) ///< 追踪日志（调用栈跟踪）
+/// @}
+
+/// @name 快捷日志宏
+/// @{
+#define LOG_NOTSET(...) SCC_LOG_IMPL(LOG_DEFAULT_HANDLER, LOG_LEVEL_NOTSET, __VA_ARGS__) ///< 未分类日志
+#define LOG_DEBUG(...)  SCC_LOG_IMPL(LOG_DEFAULT_HANDLER, LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG, __VA_ARGS__) ///< 调试日志（需启用DEBUG级别）
+#define LOG_INFO(...)   SCC_LOG_IMPL(LOG_DEFAULT_HANDLER, LOG_LEVEL_INFO, __VA_ARGS__) ///< 信息日志（常规运行日志）
+#define LOG_WARN(...)   SCC_LOG_IMPL(LOG_DEFAULT_HANDLER, LOG_LEVEL_WARN, __VA_ARGS__) ///< 警告日志（潜在问题）
+#define LOG_ERROR(...)  SCC_LOG_IMPL(LOG_DEFAULT_HANDLER, LOG_LEVEL_ERROR, __VA_ARGS__) ///< 错误日志（可恢复错误）
+#define LOG_FATAL(...)  SCC_LOG_IMPL(LOG_DEFAULT_HANDLER, LOG_LEVEL_FATAL, __VA_ARGS__) ///< 致命错误日志（程序终止前）
+#define LOG_TRACE(...)  SCC_LOG_IMPL(LOG_DEFAULT_HANDLER, LOG_LEVEL_TRACE, __VA_ARGS__) ///< 追踪日志（调用栈跟踪）
+/// @}
+/* clang-format on */
+
+/**
+ * @def _Assert
+ * @brief 断言检查内部宏
+ * @param cond 检查条件表达式
+ * @param ... 错误信息参数（格式字符串+参数）
+ */
+#define _Assert(cond, ...)                                                                         \
+    ((void)((cond) || (__default_logger_root.handler(SCC_LOG_HANDLE_ARGS(                          \
+                           &__default_logger_root, LOG_LEVEL_FATAL, __VA_ARGS__)),                 \
+                       log_abort(), __scc_log_unreachable(), 0)))
+
+/// @name 断言工具宏
+/// @{
+#define __INNERSCC_LOG_IMPL_STR(str) #str
+#define _SCC_LOG_IMPL_STR(str) __INNERSCC_LOG_IMPL_STR(str)
+#define AssertFmt(cond, format, ...)                                                               \
+    _Assert(cond, "Assertion Failure: " format, ##__VA_ARGS__)                ///< 带格式的断言检查
+#define PanicFmt(format, ...) _Assert(0, "Panic: " format, ##__VA_ARGS__)     ///< 立即触发致命错误
+#define Assert(cond) AssertFmt(cond, "cond is `" _SCC_LOG_IMPL_STR(cond) "`") ///< 基础断言检查
+#define Panic(...) PanicFmt(__VA_ARGS__)                     ///< 触发致命错误（带自定义消息）
+#define TODO() PanicFmt("TODO please implement me")          ///< 标记未实现代码（触发致命错误）
+#define UNREACHABLE() PanicFmt("UNREACHABLE")                ///< 触发致命错误（代码不可达）
+#define FIXME(str) PanicFmt("FIXME " _SCC_LOG_IMPL_STR(str)) ///< 提醒开发者修改代码（触发致命错误）
+/// @}
+
+/**
+ * @brief 静态断言（编译时）
+ *
+ * 利用数组大小不能为负的特性
+ * 或使用 _Static_assert (C11)
+ */
+#if __STDC_VERSION__ >= 201112L
+#define StaticAssert _Static_assert
+#else
+#define StaticAssert(cond, msg) extern char __static_assertion[(cond) ? 1 : -1]
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __SCC_LOG_IMPL_IMPORT_SRC__
+#include "log.c"
+#endif
+
+#endif /* __SCC_LOG_IMPL_H__ */

stage0/include/utils.h

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+#ifndef __UTILS_H__
+#define __UTILS_H__
+
+#define __SCC_LOG_IMPL_USE_STD_IMPL__
+#include "log.h"
+
+#include "core_map.h"
+#include "core_vec.h"
+
+#endif /* __UTILS_H__ */

stage0/spl_cli.c

@@ -0,0 +1,686 @@
+/* spl_cli.c SIR VM launcher + gdb-style interactive debugger
+ *
+ * Usage:  spl_cli [options] <file.sir> [args...]
+ *   -d, --debug       stack-canary checks
+ *   -g, --debug-cli   interactive debugger (REPL)
+ *   --entry <name>    entry function (default: main)
+ *   --trace           print every instruction
+ *   -h, --help        show help
+ *
+ * spl 程序 argv：argv[0]=file.sir，argv[1..]=args。
+ * REPL 配合 splc0 -g（.sir 尾部内嵌 debug 段：IR 行 + VAR 行）可显示
+ * 当前 IR 节点/源行/局部变量。
+ */
+
+#include "spl_mcode.h"
+#include "spl_syscall.h"
+#include "spl_vm.h"
+
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+/* ================================================================
+ * 命令行解析
+ * ================================================================ */
+
+typedef struct {
+    int debug;
+    int debug_cli;
+    int trace;
+    const char *entry;
+    const char *path;  /* file.sir */
+    const char **args; /* spl 程序参数（file.sir 之后） */
+    int nargs;
+} cli_opts_t;
+
+static void usage(void) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "Usage: spl_cli [options] <file.sir> [args...]\n"
+                    "  -d, --debug       stack-canary checks\n"
+                    "  -g, --debug-cli   interactive debugger (REPL)\n"
+                    "  --entry <name>    entry function (default: main)\n"
+                    "  --trace           print every instruction\n"
+                    "  -h, --help        show help\n");
+}
+
+/* options 可穿插；`--` 终止 option 解析（本身不作为 file/args）。
+ * 第一个非 option 为 file.sir，其后为 spl args。 */
+static int parse_args(int argc, const char **argv, cli_opts_t *o) {
+    memset(o, 0, sizeof *o);
+    o->entry = "main";
+    int i = 1;
+    for (; i < argc; i++) {
+        const char *a = argv[i];
+        if (a[0] == '-' && a[1]) {
+            if (strcmp(a, "--") == 0) {
+                i++;
+                break;
+            }
+            if (strcmp(a, "-d") == 0 || strcmp(a, "--debug") == 0) {
+                o->debug = 1;
+            } else if (strcmp(a, "-g") == 0 || strcmp(a, "--debug-cli") == 0) {
+                o->debug_cli = 1;
+            } else if (strcmp(a, "--trace") == 0) {
+                o->trace = 1;
+            } else if (strcmp(a, "--entry") == 0) {
+                if (i + 1 >= argc) {
+                    fprintf(stderr, "spl_cli: --entry needs a name\n");
+                    return -1;
+                }
+                o->entry = argv[++i];
+            } else if (strcmp(a, "-h") == 0 || strcmp(a, "--help") == 0) {
+                usage();
+                return -1;
+            } else {
+                fprintf(stderr, "spl_cli: unknown option '%s'\n", a);
+                usage();
+                return -1;
+            }
+        } else {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    /* 跳过前导 `--`（pipeline 调用会带 `--` 分隔 file 与 args） */
+    while (i < argc && strcmp(argv[i], "--") == 0)
+        i++;
+    if (i >= argc) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "spl_cli: missing <file.sir>\n");
+        usage();
+        return -1;
+    }
+    o->path = argv[i++];
+    while (i < argc && strcmp(argv[i], "--") == 0)
+        i++;
+    o->args = argv + i;
+    o->nargs = argc - i;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* ================================================================
+ * Debug map（splc0 -g 追加在 .sir 尾部的文本段）
+ *   IR  <ip> <node_ref> <line> <kind>
+ *   VAR <func> <name> <fp_offset> <tid> <is_param>
+ * ================================================================ */
+
+typedef struct {
+    usize ip;
+    usize ref;
+    int line;
+    char kind[64];
+} dbg_irline_t;
+typedef VEC(dbg_irline_t) dbg_irline_vec_t;
+
+typedef struct {
+    char func[128];
+    char name[128];
+    usize offset;
+    usize tid;
+    int is_param;
+} dbg_var_t;
+typedef VEC(dbg_var_t) dbg_var_vec_t;
+
+typedef struct {
+    dbg_irline_vec_t irlines;
+    dbg_var_vec_t vars;
+    int loaded;
+} dbg_map_t;
+
+static void dbg_map_load(dbg_map_t *m, const char *text) {
+    memset(m, 0, sizeof *m);
+    vec_init(m->irlines);
+    vec_init(m->vars);
+    m->loaded = 0;
+    if (!text)
+        return;
+    const char *p = strstr(text, "SPLDBG");
+    if (!p)
+        return;
+    p += 6;
+    while (p && *p) {
+        const char *nl = strchr(p, '\n');
+        size_t len = nl ? (size_t)(nl - p) : strlen(p);
+        char line[512];
+        if (len >= sizeof line)
+            len = sizeof line - 1;
+        memcpy(line, p, len);
+        line[len] = 0;
+        if (strncmp(line, "IR ", 3) == 0) {
+            dbg_irline_t ir;
+            memset(&ir, 0, sizeof ir);
+            sscanf(line + 3, "%zu %zu %d %63s", &ir.ip, &ir.ref, &ir.line, ir.kind);
+            vec_push(m->irlines, ir);
+        } else if (strncmp(line, "VAR ", 4) == 0) {
+            dbg_var_t v;
+            memset(&v, 0, sizeof v);
+            sscanf(line + 4, "%127s %127s %zu %zu %d", v.func, v.name, &v.offset, &v.tid,
+                   &v.is_param);
+            vec_push(m->vars, v);
+        }
+        if (!nl)
+            break;
+        p = nl + 1;
+    }
+    m->loaded = 1;
+}
+
+/* 当前 ip 所属 IR 节点行（ip 恰好是某节点首指令） */
+static const dbg_irline_t *irline_at_exact(dbg_map_t *m, usize ip) {
+    for (usize i = 0; i < m->irlines.size; i++)
+        if (m->irlines.data[i].ip == ip)
+            return &m->irlines.data[i];
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+/* ================================================================
+ * 调试器核心
+ * ================================================================ */
+
+typedef struct {
+    spl_vm_t *vm;
+    spl_prog_t *prog;
+    const char *entry;
+    dbg_map_t map;
+    usize last_ptr; /* p 最近读到的值（x 无参重读） */
+    int quit;
+} dbg_t;
+
+/* ---- 位置/指令显示辅助 ---- */
+
+static const char *fn_name_at(spl_prog_t *prog, usize ip) {
+    for (usize i = 0; i < vec_size(prog->funcs); i++) {
+        spl_vm_func_t *f = &vec_at(prog->funcs, i);
+        if (ip >= f->address && ip < f->address + f->ninsns)
+            return f->name ? f->name : "?";
+    }
+    return "?";
+}
+
+/* ip 所在函数的指令范围 [*start, *end) */
+static void cur_func_bounds(spl_prog_t *prog, usize ip, usize *start, usize *end) {
+    *start = 0;
+    *end = vec_size(prog->insns);
+    for (usize i = 0; i < vec_size(prog->funcs); i++) {
+        spl_vm_func_t *f = &vec_at(prog->funcs, i);
+        if (ip >= f->address && ip < f->address + f->ninsns) {
+            *start = f->address;
+            *end = f->address + f->ninsns;
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/* 格式化一条指令（不含行号前缀） */
+static void fmt_insn(const spl_vm_ins_t *ins, char *buf, size_t n) {
+    snprintf(buf, n, "%-11s %-5s %zu", spl_vm_opcode_name(ins->opcode),
+             spl_vm_type_kind_name(ins->type), ins->imm);
+}
+
+static void dbg_show_location(dbg_t *d) {
+    spl_vm_t *vm = d->vm;
+    if (vm->ip >= vec_size(vm->prog->insns)) {
+        printf("  (end of program)\n");
+        return;
+    }
+    char ib[80];
+    fmt_insn(&vec_at(vm->prog->insns, vm->ip), ib, sizeof ib);
+    printf("  %s @ ip=%zu   %s   [sp=%zu fp=%zu cp=%zu]\n", fn_name_at(vm->prog, vm->ip), vm->ip,
+           ib, vm->sp, vm->fp, vm->cp);
+    const dbg_irline_t *ir = irline_at_exact(&d->map, vm->ip);
+    if (ir)
+        printf("     -> ir node#%zu line %d  %s\n", ir->ref, ir->line, ir->kind);
+}
+
+static void dbg_handle_status(dbg_t *d, int r) {
+    if (r == 1) {
+        printf("  program halted, exit_code=%d\n", d->vm->exit_code);
+        d->quit = 1;
+    } else if (r == 2) {
+        printf("  breakpoint hit\n");
+    } else if (r == -1) {
+        printf("  VM error: %s\n", d->vm->error_msg[0] ? d->vm->error_msg : "(no detail)");
+        d->quit = 1;
+    }
+}
+
+/* ---- 变量查找（p / x 复用） ---- */
+
+static dbg_var_t *dbg_find_var(dbg_t *d, const char *fn, const char *name) {
+    for (usize i = 0; i < d->map.vars.size; i++) {
+        dbg_var_t *v = &d->map.vars.data[i];
+        if (strcmp(v->func, fn) == 0 && strcmp(v->name, name) == 0)
+            return v;
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+/* ================================================================
+ * 命令
+ * ================================================================ */
+
+static int cmd_help(dbg_t *d, const char *args);
+static int cmd_run(dbg_t *d, const char *args);
+static int cmd_step(dbg_t *d, const char *args);
+static int cmd_next(dbg_t *d, const char *args);
+static int cmd_finish(dbg_t *d, const char *args);
+static int cmd_break(dbg_t *d, const char *args);
+static int cmd_delete(dbg_t *d, const char *args);
+static int cmd_info(dbg_t *d, const char *args);
+static int cmd_list(dbg_t *d, const char *args);
+static int cmd_backtrace(dbg_t *d, const char *args);
+static int cmd_stack(dbg_t *d, const char *args);
+static int cmd_x(dbg_t *d, const char *args);
+static int cmd_p(dbg_t *d, const char *args);
+static int cmd_quit(dbg_t *d, const char *args);
+
+typedef struct {
+    const char *name;
+    const char *alias;
+    const char *usage;
+    const char *help;
+    int (*fn)(dbg_t *, const char *);
+} dbg_cmd_t;
+
+static const dbg_cmd_t cmds[] = {
+    /* 会话 */
+    {"help", "h", "[cmd]", "list commands / help", cmd_help},
+    {"quit", "q", "", "quit debugger", cmd_quit},
+    /* 执行 */
+    {"run", "r", "", "run to next breakpoint or exit", cmd_run},
+    {"continue", "c", "", "alias of run", cmd_run},
+    {"step", "s", "", "step one instruction (into calls)", cmd_step},
+    {"next", "n", "", "step over a call", cmd_next},
+    {"finish", "f", "", "run until current function returns", cmd_finish},
+    /* 断点 */
+    {"break", "b", "<fn|ip>", "set breakpoint (no arg: list)", cmd_break},
+    {"delete", "d", "", "clear all breakpoints", cmd_delete},
+    /* 信息 */
+    {"info", "i", "b|stack|locals|args|var", "breakpoints/stack/locals", cmd_info},
+    {"list", "l", "[N]", "disassemble ip±N of current function", cmd_list},
+    {"backtrace", "bt", "", "print call stack backtrace", cmd_backtrace},
+    {"stack", "st", "", "dump stack words", cmd_stack},
+    /* 内存/变量 */
+    {"x", "x", "<var|addr|fp+N>", "read memory (no arg: last pointer)", cmd_x},
+    {"print", "p", "<var>", "print local variable (needs splc0 -g)", cmd_p},
+    {NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL},
+};
+
+static const dbg_cmd_t *find_cmd(const char *name) {
+    for (const dbg_cmd_t *c = cmds; c->name; c++)
+        if (!strcmp(c->name, name) || (c->alias && !strcmp(c->alias, name)))
+            return c;
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static int cmd_help(dbg_t *d, const char *args) {
+    (void)d;
+    if (*args) {
+        const dbg_cmd_t *c = find_cmd(args);
+        if (c) {
+            printf("  %-10s %-22s %s", c->name, c->usage, c->help);
+            if (c->alias)
+                printf("   (alias: %s)", c->alias);
+            printf("\n");
+        } else {
+            printf("  unknown command '%s'\n", args);
+        }
+        return 0;
+    }
+    printf("commands:\n");
+    for (const dbg_cmd_t *c = cmds; c->name; c++) {
+        printf("  %-10s %-22s %s", c->name, c->usage, c->help);
+        if (c->alias)
+            printf("   (alias: %s)", c->alias);
+        printf("\n");
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* ---- 执行 ---- */
+
+static int ip_is_breakpoint(dbg_t *d) {
+    for (usize i = 0; i < vec_size(d->vm->breakpoints); i++)
+        if (d->vm->breakpoints.data[i] == (usize)d->vm->ip)
+            return 1;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int cmd_run(dbg_t *d, const char *args) {
+    (void)args;
+    if (ip_is_breakpoint(d)) /* 越过当前断点指令，避免原地重停 */
+        spl_vm_skip_breakpoint(d->vm);
+    dbg_handle_status(d, spl_vm_run_until(d->vm, 0));
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int cmd_step(dbg_t *d, const char *args) {
+    (void)args;
+    dbg_handle_status(d, spl_vm_run_once(d->vm));
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int cmd_next(dbg_t *d, const char *args) {
+    (void)args;
+    /* 执行 1 条；若进入被调（cp 增），继续执行到返回原深度 */
+    usize base_cp = d->vm->cp;
+    int r = spl_vm_run_once(d->vm);
+    if (r)
+        return dbg_handle_status(d, r), 0;
+    while (d->vm->cp > base_cp) {
+        r = spl_vm_run_once(d->vm);
+        if (r)
+            return dbg_handle_status(d, r), 0;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int cmd_finish(dbg_t *d, const char *args) {
+    (void)args;
+    usize base_cp = d->vm->cp;
+    while (d->vm->cp >= base_cp) {
+        int r = spl_vm_run_once(d->vm);
+        if (r)
+            return dbg_handle_status(d, r), 0;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* ---- 断点 ---- */
+
+static int is_all_digits(const char *s) {
+    if (!*s)
+        return 0;
+    for (; *s; s++)
+        if (!isdigit((unsigned char)*s))
+            return 0;
+    return 1;
+}
+
+static int cmd_break(dbg_t *d, const char *args) {
+    if (!*args) {
+        printf("  ip breakpoints:\n");
+        for (usize i = 0; i < vec_size(d->vm->breakpoints); i++)
+            printf("    %zu\n", d->vm->breakpoints.data[i]);
+        printf("  fn breakpoints:\n");
+        for (usize i = 0; i < vec_size(d->vm->fn_breakpoints); i++)
+            printf("    %s\n", d->vm->fn_breakpoints.data[i]);
+        return 0;
+    }
+    while (*args && isspace((unsigned char)*args))
+        args++;
+    if (is_all_digits(args)) {
+        usize ip = (usize)strtoul(args, NULL, 10);
+        spl_vm_add_breakpoint(d->vm, ip);
+        printf("  breakpoint at ip=%zu\n", ip);
+    } else {
+        spl_vm_add_breakpoint_fn(d->vm, args);
+        printf("  breakpoint at function '%s'\n", args);
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int cmd_delete(dbg_t *d, const char *args) {
+    (void)args;
+    spl_vm_clear_breakpoints(d->vm);
+    printf("  breakpoints cleared\n");
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* ---- 信息 ---- */
+
+/* 列出当前函数变量：args_flag=1 列参数，local_flag=1 列局部 */
+static void list_vars(dbg_t *d, int args_flag, int local_flag) {
+    if (!d->map.loaded) {
+        printf("  no debug info (compile with splc0 -g)\n");
+        return;
+    }
+    const char *fn = fn_name_at(d->prog, d->vm->ip);
+    int any = 0;
+    for (usize i = 0; i < d->map.vars.size; i++) {
+        dbg_var_t *v = &d->map.vars.data[i];
+        if (strcmp(v->func, fn) != 0)
+            continue;
+        if ((v->is_param && !args_flag) || (!v->is_param && !local_flag))
+            continue;
+        printf("  %-20s @ fp+%-5zu %s\n", v->name, v->offset, v->is_param ? "[param]" : "[local]");
+        any = 1;
+    }
+    if (!any)
+        printf("  (no matching variables in %s)\n", fn);
+}
+
+static int cmd_info(dbg_t *d, const char *args) {
+    while (*args && isspace((unsigned char)*args))
+        args++;
+    if (!strncmp(args, "b", 1) || !strncmp(args, "break", 5))
+        return cmd_break(d, "");
+    if (!strncmp(args, "st", 2) || !strncmp(args, "stack", 5))
+        spl_vm_stackdump(d->vm, d->vm->sp);
+    else if (!strncmp(args, "l", 1) || !strncmp(args, "local", 5))
+        list_vars(d, 0, 1);
+    else if (!strncmp(args, "a", 1) || !strncmp(args, "arg", 3))
+        list_vars(d, 1, 0);
+    else if (!strncmp(args, "v", 1) || !strncmp(args, "var", 3))
+        list_vars(d, 1, 1);
+    else
+        printf("  usage: info b|stack|locals|args|var\n");
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* l [N]：当前函数内 ip±N 反汇编 */
+static int cmd_list(dbg_t *d, const char *args) {
+    usize ip = d->vm->ip;
+    long half = 5;
+    if (*args)
+        half = strtol(args, NULL, 10);
+    if (half < 0)
+        half = 0;
+    usize fstart, fend;
+    cur_func_bounds(d->prog, ip, &fstart, &fend);
+    usize lo = (ip > (usize)half) ? ip - (usize)half : fstart;
+    usize hi = ip + (usize)half;
+    if (hi >= fend)
+        hi = fend - 1;
+    if (lo < fstart)
+        lo = fstart;
+    for (usize i = lo; i <= hi; i++) {
+        char ib[80];
+        fmt_insn(&vec_at(d->prog->insns, i), ib, sizeof ib);
+        printf("%s%6zu: %s", i == ip ? "=>" : "  ", i, ib);
+        const dbg_irline_t *ir = irline_at_exact(&d->map, i);
+        if (ir)
+            printf("   || node#%zu line %d %s", ir->ref, ir->line, ir->kind);
+        printf("\n");
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int cmd_backtrace(dbg_t *d, const char *args) {
+    (void)args;
+    spl_vm_backtrace(d->vm, d->vm->fp);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int cmd_stack(dbg_t *d, const char *args) {
+    (void)args;
+    spl_vm_stackdump(d->vm, d->vm->sp);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* ---- 内存 / 变量 ---- */
+
+static int cmd_x(dbg_t *d, const char *args) {
+    while (*args && isspace((unsigned char)*args))
+        args++;
+    unsigned long long addr = 0;
+    if (*args) {
+        if (strncmp(args, "fp+", 3) == 0 || strncmp(args, "sp+", 3) == 0) {
+            int is_fp = args[0] == 'f';
+            unsigned long long off = strtoull(args + 3, NULL, 0);
+            addr = (uintptr_t)((char *)&d->vm->stacks.data[is_fp ? d->vm->fp : d->vm->sp] + off);
+            printf("  (%s+%llu)\n", is_fp ? "fp" : "sp", off);
+        } else if (d->map.loaded && !isdigit((unsigned char)*args)) {
+            const char *fn = fn_name_at(d->prog, d->vm->ip);
+            dbg_var_t *v = dbg_find_var(d, fn, args);
+            if (v) {
+                addr = (uintptr_t)((char *)&d->vm->stacks.data[d->vm->fp] + v->offset);
+                printf("  (%s @ fp+%zu)\n", v->name, v->offset);
+            } else {
+                printf("  no variable '%s' in %s\n", args, fn);
+            }
+        } else {
+            addr = strtoull(args, NULL, 0);
+        }
+    } else {
+        addr = (unsigned long long)d->last_ptr;
+    }
+    if (!addr) {
+        printf("  usage: x <var|addr|fp+N>   (no arg: re-read last printed pointer)\n");
+        return 0;
+    }
+    unsigned char *sbase = (unsigned char *)d->vm->stacks.data;
+    usize slen = d->vm->config.max_stack_depth * sizeof(spl_vm_val_t);
+    printf("  addr=%#llx  stack=[%p,+%zu)  in=%d\n", addr, sbase, slen,
+           addr >= (uintptr_t)sbase && addr < (uintptr_t)(sbase + slen));
+    unsigned char *p = (unsigned char *)(uintptr_t)addr;
+    printf("  ");
+    for (int i = 0; i < 32; i++)
+        printf("%02x ", p[i]);
+    printf("\n");
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int cmd_p(dbg_t *d, const char *args) {
+    while (*args && isspace((unsigned char)*args))
+        args++;
+    if (!*args) {
+        printf("  usage: p <varname>\n");
+        return 0;
+    }
+    if (!d->map.loaded) {
+        printf("  no debug info (compile with splc0 -g)\n");
+        return 0;
+    }
+    const char *fn = fn_name_at(d->prog, d->vm->ip);
+    dbg_var_t *v = dbg_find_var(d, fn, args);
+    if (!v) {
+        printf("  no variable '%s' in %s\n", args, fn);
+        return 0;
+    }
+    spl_vm_val_t *addr = (spl_vm_val_t *)((char *)&d->vm->stacks.data[d->vm->fp] + v->offset);
+    printf("  %s = %zu (0x%zx)  @ fp+%zu\n", v->name, *addr, *addr, v->offset);
+    d->last_ptr = (usize)*addr; /* 供 x 无参重读 */
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int cmd_quit(dbg_t *d, const char *args) {
+    (void)args;
+    d->quit = 1;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static void repl_loop(dbg_t *d) {
+    char line[1024];
+    while (!d->quit) {
+        dbg_show_location(d);
+        printf("spl-dbg> ");
+        fflush(stdout);
+        if (!fgets(line, sizeof line, stdin))
+            break;
+        char *nl = strchr(line, '\n');
+        if (nl)
+            *nl = 0;
+        char *p = line;
+        while (*p && isspace((unsigned char)*p))
+            p++;
+        if (!*p)
+            continue;
+        /* 拆命令名 + 参数 */
+        char *sp = p;
+        while (*sp && !isspace((unsigned char)*sp))
+            sp++;
+        char saved = *sp;
+        *sp = 0;
+        const dbg_cmd_t *c = find_cmd(p);
+        *sp = saved;
+        char *args = sp;
+        while (*args && isspace((unsigned char)*args))
+            args++;
+        if (c) {
+            c->fn(d, args);
+        } else {
+            printf("  unknown command '%s' (h for help)\n", p);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+int main(int argc, const char **argv) {
+    cli_opts_t o;
+    if (parse_args(argc, argv, &o) != 0)
+        return 1;
+
+    spl_prog_t prog;
+    if (spl_prog_load_from_file(o.path, &prog) != 0) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "spl_cli: cannot load '%s'\n", o.path);
+        return 1;
+    }
+    spl_syscall_register(&prog);
+
+    spl_vm_t vm;
+    spl_vm_init(&vm);
+    if (o.debug)
+        spl_vm_set_debug(&vm, 1);
+    if (o.trace)
+        spl_vm_set_trace(&vm, 1);
+    if (spl_vm_load_prog(&vm, &prog) != 0) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "spl_cli: failed to load prog\n");
+        spl_vm_drop(&vm);
+        spl_prog_drop(&prog);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    /* spl 程序 argv：argv[0]=file.sir（程序名），argv[1..]=args */
+    const char **spl_argv = (const char **)malloc(sizeof(char *) * (size_t)(o.nargs + 1));
+    if (!spl_argv) {
+        spl_vm_drop(&vm);
+        spl_prog_drop(&prog);
+        return 1;
+    }
+    spl_argv[0] = o.path;
+    for (int i = 0; i < o.nargs; i++)
+        spl_argv[i + 1] = o.args[i];
+
+    if (spl_vm_prepare(&vm, o.entry, o.nargs + 1, spl_argv, NULL) != 0) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "spl_cli: entry point '%s' not found\n", o.entry);
+        free(spl_argv);
+        spl_vm_drop(&vm);
+        spl_prog_drop(&prog);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    int ret = 0;
+    if (o.debug_cli) {
+        dbg_t d;
+        d.vm = &vm;
+        d.prog = &prog;
+        d.entry = o.entry;
+        d.quit = 0;
+        d.last_ptr = 0;
+        dbg_map_load(&d.map, prog.debug);
+        repl_loop(&d);
+        vec_free(d.map.irlines);
+        vec_free(d.map.vars);
+    } else {
+        ret = spl_vm_run_until(&vm, 0);
+        if (ret == 2)
+            fprintf(stderr, "spl_cli: hit breakpoint (run with -g to debug)\n");
+    }
+
+    free(spl_argv);
+    spl_vm_drop(&vm);
+    spl_prog_drop(&prog);
+
+    if (ret < 0)
+        return 1;
+    return (int)vm.exit_code;
+}

stage0/spl_disasm.c

@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+/* spl_disasm.c - SIR bytecode disassembler
+ *
+ * Usage: spl_disasm <file.sir>
+ */
+
+#include "spl_mcode.h"
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+int main(int argc, const char **argv) {
+    if (argc < 2) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Usage: spl_disasm <file.sir>\n");
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    spl_prog_t prog;
+    if (spl_prog_load_from_file(argv[1], &prog) != 0) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "spl_disasm: cannot load '%s'\n", argv[1]);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    printf(";; SPL bytecode dump: %s\n", argv[1]);
+    printf(";; ninsns=%zu nfuncs=%zu nnatives=%zu nstrs=%zu\n\n", vec_size(prog.insns),
+           vec_size(prog.funcs), vec_size(prog.natives), vec_size(prog.strtab));
+
+    if (vec_size(prog.funcs) > 0) {
+        printf(";; --- functions ---\n");
+        for (usize i = 0; i < vec_size(prog.funcs); i++) {
+            spl_vm_func_t *f = &vec_at(prog.funcs, i);
+            printf("  %s  nargs=%zu ninsns=%zu addr=%zu\n", f->name ? f->name : "(anon)", f->nargs,
+                   f->ninsns, f->address);
+        }
+        printf("\n");
+    }
+
+    if (vec_size(prog.natives) > 0) {
+        printf(";; --- natives ---\n");
+        for (int i = 0; i < (int)vec_size(prog.natives); i++) {
+            spl_vm_native_t *n = &vec_at(prog.natives, i);
+            printf("  %s\n", n->name ? n->name : "(anon)");
+        }
+        printf("\n");
+    }
+
+    if (vec_size(prog.strtab) > 0) {
+        printf(";; --- string table ---\n");
+        for (int i = 0; i < (int)vec_size(prog.strtab); i++) {
+            printf("  %d: \"%s\"\n", i, vec_at(prog.strtab, i));
+        }
+        printf("\n");
+    }
+
+    printf(";; --- instructions ---\n");
+    for (usize i = 0; i < vec_size(prog.insns); i++) {
+        spl_vm_ins_t *ins = &vec_at(prog.insns, i);
+        printf("%4zd: %s", i, spl_vm_opcode_name((spl_vm_opcode_t)ins->opcode));
+        if (ins->type != SPL_VOID)
+            printf(" %s", spl_vm_type_kind_name((spl_type_t)ins->type));
+        printf(" %zd", ins->imm);
+
+        /* annotate jumps / calls */
+        if (ins->opcode == SPL_JMP || ins->opcode == SPL_BZ || ins->opcode == SPL_BNZ) {
+            long long target = (long long)i + 1 + (long long)ins->imm;
+            printf("  ; -> %zd", target);
+        } else if (ins->opcode == SPL_CALL) {
+            printf("  ; nargs=%zd, from stack", (long long)ins->imm);
+        } else if (ins->opcode == SPL_CALLI) {
+            printf("  ; indirect call");
+        } else if (ins->opcode == SPL_GADDR) {
+            printf("  ; gdata[%zd]", (long long)ins->imm);
+        }
+        printf("\n");
+    }
+
+    spl_prog_drop(&prog);
+    return 0;
+}

stage0/spl_mcode.c

@@ -0,0 +1,473 @@
+/* spl_mcode.c - SPL VM machine code binary serialization, deserialization, and utilities
+ *
+ * Binary format (all metadata fields are spl_val_t = uint64_t LE):
+ *   [HEADER]     magic(8) nfuncs(8) ninsns(8) nnatives(8) nstrs(8) ndata(8)
+ *   [FUNCS]      each: name_len(8) name(padded to 8) idx_of_strtab(8)
+ *                       nargs(8) ninsns(8) address(8)
+ *   [INSTRS]     each: opcode(2) type(2) imm(8) = 12 bytes
+ *   [NATIVES]    each: name_len(8) name(padded to 8) idx_of_strtab(8)
+ *   [STRTAB]     each: slen(8) str(slen bytes, padded to 8)
+ */
+
+#include "spl_mcode.h"
+
+void spl_prog_init(spl_prog_t *prog) {
+    if (!prog)
+        return;
+    vec_init(prog->insns);
+    vec_init(prog->funcs);
+    vec_init(prog->natives);
+    vec_init(prog->strtab);
+    vec_init(prog->gdata);
+    map_init(prog->symtab, MAP_HASH_STR, MAP_CMP_STR);
+}
+
+void spl_prog_drop(spl_prog_t *prog) {
+    if (!prog)
+        return;
+    vec_free(prog->insns);
+    /* free each func name */
+    vec_for(prog->funcs, i) { free(vec_at(prog->funcs, i).name); }
+    vec_free(prog->funcs);
+    /* free each native name */
+    vec_for(prog->natives, i) { free(vec_at(prog->natives, i).name); }
+    vec_free(prog->natives);
+    /* free each gdata entry */
+    vec_for(prog->gdata, i) { free(vec_at(prog->gdata, i).data); }
+    vec_free(prog->gdata);
+    /* free each strtab entry */
+    vec_for(prog->strtab, i) { free((void *)vec_at(prog->strtab, i)); }
+    vec_free(prog->strtab);
+    map_free(prog->symtab);
+    free(prog->debug);
+    prog->debug = NULL;
+}
+
+/* ---- LE read/write helpers ---- */
+
+static inline spl_vm_val_t rd64(const unsigned char **p) {
+    spl_vm_val_t v = (spl_vm_val_t)(*p)[0] | ((spl_vm_val_t)(*p)[1] << 8) |
+                     ((spl_vm_val_t)(*p)[2] << 16) | ((spl_vm_val_t)(*p)[3] << 24) |
+                     ((spl_vm_val_t)(*p)[4] << 32) | ((spl_vm_val_t)(*p)[5] << 40) |
+                     ((spl_vm_val_t)(*p)[6] << 48) | ((spl_vm_val_t)(*p)[7] << 56);
+    *p += 8;
+    return v;
+}
+
+static inline void wr64(unsigned char **p, spl_vm_val_t v) {
+    *(*p)++ = (unsigned char)(v);
+    *(*p)++ = (unsigned char)(v >> 8);
+    *(*p)++ = (unsigned char)(v >> 16);
+    *(*p)++ = (unsigned char)(v >> 24);
+    *(*p)++ = (unsigned char)(v >> 32);
+    *(*p)++ = (unsigned char)(v >> 40);
+    *(*p)++ = (unsigned char)(v >> 48);
+    *(*p)++ = (unsigned char)(v >> 56);
+}
+
+/* Round n up to next multiple of 8 */
+#define ALIGN8(n) (((n) + 7) & ~7)
+
+int spl_prog_load_from_file(const char *fname, spl_prog_t *prog) {
+    FILE *f;
+    unsigned char *data;
+    long len;
+    const unsigned char *p;
+    spl_vm_val_t nfuncs, ninsns, nnatives, nstrs, ndata;
+
+    if (!fname || !prog)
+        return -1;
+
+    f = fopen(fname, "rb");
+    if (!f)
+        return -1;
+    fseek(f, 0, SEEK_END);
+    len = ftell(f);
+    fseek(f, 0, SEEK_SET);
+    if (len < 48) {
+        fclose(f);
+        return -1;
+    }
+    data = (unsigned char *)malloc((size_t)len);
+    if (!data) {
+        fclose(f);
+        return -1;
+    }
+    if (fread(data, 1, (size_t)len, f) != (size_t)len) {
+        free(data);
+        fclose(f);
+        return -1;
+    }
+    fclose(f);
+
+    p = data;
+
+    /* magic */
+    if (p[0] != 'S' || p[1] != 'P' || p[2] != 'L' || p[3] != 'B' || p[4] != 'I' || p[5] != 'N' ||
+        p[6] != '\0' || p[7] != '\0') {
+        free(data);
+        return -1;
+    }
+    p += 8;
+
+    spl_prog_init(prog);
+
+    /* header counts */
+    nfuncs = rd64(&p);
+    ninsns = rd64(&p);
+    nnatives = rd64(&p);
+    nstrs = rd64(&p);
+    ndata = rd64(&p);
+
+    /* ---- function table ---- */
+    for (spl_vm_val_t i = 0; i < nfuncs; i++) {
+        spl_vm_func_t func = {0};
+        spl_vm_val_t nlen = rd64(&p);
+        usize pad = ALIGN8((usize)nlen) - (usize)nlen;
+
+        func.name = (char *)malloc((usize)nlen);
+        if (!func.name) {
+            free(data);
+            return -1;
+        }
+        memcpy(func.name, p, (usize)nlen);
+        p += (usize)nlen + pad;
+
+        func.idx_of_strtab = rd64(&p);
+        func.nargs = rd64(&p);
+        func.ninsns = rd64(&p);
+        func.address = rd64(&p);
+        vec_push(prog->funcs, func);
+    }
+
+    /* ---- instructions ---- */
+    for (spl_vm_val_t i = 0; i < ninsns; i++) {
+        if ((size_t)(p - data) + 12 > (size_t)len) {
+            free(data);
+            return -1;
+        }
+        spl_vm_ins_t ins;
+        ins.opcode = (uint16_t)p[0] | ((uint16_t)p[1] << 8);
+        ins.type = (uint16_t)p[2] | ((uint16_t)p[3] << 8);
+        p += 4;
+        ins.imm = rd64(&p);
+        vec_push(prog->insns, ins);
+    }
+
+    /* ---- native table ---- */
+    for (spl_vm_val_t i = 0; i < nnatives; i++) {
+        spl_vm_native_t nat = {0};
+        spl_vm_val_t nlen = rd64(&p);
+        usize pad = ALIGN8((usize)nlen) - (usize)nlen;
+
+        nat.name = (char *)malloc((usize)nlen);
+        if (!nat.name) {
+            free(data);
+            return -1;
+        }
+        memcpy(nat.name, p, (usize)nlen);
+        p += (usize)nlen + pad;
+
+        nat.idx_of_strtab = rd64(&p);
+        nat.impl_fn = NULL; /* function pointer can't be serialised */
+        vec_push(prog->natives, nat);
+    }
+
+    /* ---- string table ---- */
+    for (spl_vm_val_t i = 0; i < nstrs; i++) {
+        spl_vm_val_t slen = rd64(&p);
+        usize pad = ALIGN8((usize)slen) - (usize)slen;
+        char *s = (char *)malloc((usize)slen + 1);
+        if (!s) {
+            free(data);
+            return -1;
+        }
+        memcpy(s, p, (usize)slen);
+        s[(usize)slen] = '\0';
+        p += (usize)slen + pad;
+        vec_push(prog->strtab, s);
+    }
+
+    /* ---- global data ---- */
+    for (spl_vm_val_t i = 0; i < ndata; i++) {
+        spl_vm_gdata_t entry;
+        entry.size = rd64(&p);
+        usize pad = ALIGN8(entry.size) - entry.size;
+        entry.data = (unsigned char *)malloc(entry.size);
+        if (!entry.data) {
+            free(data);
+            return -1;
+        }
+        memcpy(entry.data, p, entry.size);
+        p += entry.size + pad;
+        vec_push(prog->gdata, entry);
+    }
+
+    /* ---- debug 段（splc0 -g 追加在文件尾部） ---- */
+    prog->debug = NULL;
+    prog->debug_size = 0;
+    {
+        ptrdiff_t used = p - data;
+        if (used >= 0 && (usize)used < (usize)len) {
+            size_t dlen = (size_t)len - (size_t)used;
+            char *dbg = (char *)malloc(dlen + 1);
+            if (dbg) {
+                memcpy(dbg, data + used, dlen);
+                dbg[dlen] = 0;
+                prog->debug = dbg;
+                prog->debug_size = dlen;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    free(data);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int spl_prog_store_to_file(const char *fname, spl_prog_t *prog) {
+    unsigned char *buf, *p;
+    spl_vm_val_t i;
+    size_t total;
+    spl_vm_val_t nfuncs, ninsns, nnatives, nstrs, ndata;
+    usize nlen, pad;
+
+    if (!fname || !prog)
+        return -1;
+
+    nfuncs = vec_size(prog->funcs);
+    ninsns = vec_size(prog->insns);
+    nnatives = vec_size(prog->natives);
+    nstrs = vec_size(prog->strtab);
+    ndata = vec_size(prog->gdata);
+
+    /* Calculate total size */
+    total = 8                    /* magic */
+            + 8 + 8 + 8 + 8 + 8; /* 5 counts (nfuncs+ninsns+nnatives+nstrs+ndata) */
+
+    /* funcs */
+    for (i = 0; i < nfuncs; i++) {
+        nlen = strlen(vec_at(prog->funcs, i).name) + 1; /* include null */
+        total +=
+            8 + ALIGN8(nlen) + 8 + 8 + 8 + 8; /* nlen + name(pad) + idx + nargs + ninsns + addr */
+    }
+
+    /* insns */
+    total += ninsns * 12; /* opcode(2) + type(2) + imm(8) */
+
+    /* natives */
+    for (i = 0; i < nnatives; i++) {
+        nlen = strlen(vec_at(prog->natives, i).name) + 1;
+        total += 8 + ALIGN8(nlen) + 8; /* nlen + name(pad) + idx_of_strtab */
+    }
+
+    /* strtab */
+    for (i = 0; i < nstrs; i++) {
+        nlen = strlen(vec_at(prog->strtab, i));
+        total += 8 + ALIGN8(nlen); /* slen + str(pad) */
+    }
+
+    /* gdata */
+    for (i = 0; i < ndata; i++) {
+        usize dsize = vec_at(prog->gdata, i).size;
+        total += 8 + ALIGN8(dsize); /* dsize + data(pad) */
+    }
+
+    buf = (unsigned char *)malloc(total);
+    if (!buf)
+        return -1;
+    p = buf;
+
+    /* magic */
+    memcpy(p, "SPLBIN\0\0", 8);
+    p += 8;
+
+    /* counts */
+    wr64(&p, nfuncs);
+    wr64(&p, ninsns);
+    wr64(&p, nnatives);
+    wr64(&p, nstrs);
+    wr64(&p, ndata);
+
+    /* ---- function table ---- */
+    for (i = 0; i < nfuncs; i++) {
+        const char *name = vec_at(prog->funcs, i).name;
+        nlen = strlen(name) + 1;
+        pad = ALIGN8(nlen) - nlen;
+        wr64(&p, nlen);
+        memcpy(p, name, nlen);
+        p += nlen;
+        memset(p, 0, pad);
+        p += pad;
+        wr64(&p, vec_at(prog->funcs, i).idx_of_strtab);
+        wr64(&p, vec_at(prog->funcs, i).nargs);
+        wr64(&p, vec_at(prog->funcs, i).ninsns);
+        wr64(&p, vec_at(prog->funcs, i).address);
+    }
+
+    /* ---- instructions ---- */
+    for (i = 0; i < ninsns; i++) {
+        spl_vm_ins_t *ins = &vec_at(prog->insns, i);
+        *p++ = (unsigned char)(ins->opcode);
+        *p++ = (unsigned char)(ins->opcode >> 8);
+        *p++ = (unsigned char)(ins->type);
+        *p++ = (unsigned char)(ins->type >> 8);
+        wr64(&p, ins->imm);
+    }
+
+    /* ---- native table ---- */
+    for (i = 0; i < nnatives; i++) {
+        const char *name = vec_at(prog->natives, i).name;
+        nlen = strlen(name) + 1;
+        pad = ALIGN8(nlen) - nlen;
+        wr64(&p, nlen);
+        memcpy(p, name, nlen);
+        p += nlen;
+        memset(p, 0, pad);
+        p += pad;
+        wr64(&p, vec_at(prog->natives, i).idx_of_strtab);
+    }
+
+    /* ---- string table ---- */
+    for (i = 0; i < nstrs; i++) {
+        const char *s = vec_at(prog->strtab, i);
+        nlen = strlen(s);
+        pad = ALIGN8(nlen) - nlen;
+        wr64(&p, nlen);
+        memcpy(p, s, nlen);
+        p += nlen;
+        memset(p, 0, pad);
+        p += pad;
+    }
+
+    /* ---- global data ---- */
+    for (i = 0; i < ndata; i++) {
+        spl_vm_gdata_t *entry = &vec_at(prog->gdata, i);
+        pad = ALIGN8(entry->size) - entry->size;
+        wr64(&p, entry->size);
+        memcpy(p, entry->data, entry->size);
+        p += entry->size;
+        memset(p, 0, pad);
+        p += pad;
+    }
+
+    /* Write file */
+    FILE *f = fopen(fname, "wb");
+    if (!f) {
+        free(buf);
+        return -1;
+    }
+    fwrite(buf, 1, total, f);
+    fclose(f);
+    free(buf);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int spl_prog_add_instr(spl_prog_t *prog, uint8_t opcode, uint8_t type, spl_vm_val_t imm) {
+    if (!prog)
+        return 0;
+    spl_vm_ins_t ins = (spl_vm_ins_t){.opcode = opcode, .type = type, .imm = imm};
+    vec_push(prog->insns, ins);
+    return vec_size(prog->insns);
+}
+
+int spl_prog_add_func(spl_prog_t *prog, spl_vm_func_t *func) {
+    if (!prog || !func)
+        return 0;
+    vec_push(prog->funcs, *func);
+    return vec_size(prog->funcs);
+}
+
+int spl_prog_add_native(spl_prog_t *prog, spl_vm_native_t *native) {
+    if (!prog || !native)
+        return 0;
+    vec_push(prog->natives, *native);
+    return vec_size(prog->natives);
+}
+
+int spl_prog_add_data(spl_prog_t *prog, void *ptr, usize size) {
+    spl_vm_gdata_t entry;
+    if (!prog)
+        return 0;
+    entry.data = (unsigned char *)malloc(size);
+    if (!entry.data)
+        return 0;
+    memcpy(entry.data, ptr, size);
+    entry.size = size;
+    vec_push(prog->gdata, entry);
+    return vec_size(prog->gdata);
+}
+
+spl_vm_func_t *spl_prog_get_func(spl_prog_t *prog, const char *name) {
+    if (!prog || !name)
+        return NULL;
+    vec_for(prog->funcs, i) {
+        const char *match_name = vec_at(prog->funcs, i).name;
+        if (match_name && strcmp(match_name, name) == 0) {
+            return &vec_at(prog->funcs, i);
+        }
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+spl_vm_native_t *spl_prog_get_native(spl_prog_t *prog, const char *name) {
+    if (!prog || !name)
+        return NULL;
+    vec_for(prog->natives, i) {
+        const char *match_name = vec_at(prog->natives, i).name;
+        if (match_name && strcmp(match_name, name) == 0) {
+            return &vec_at(prog->natives, i);
+        }
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+const char *opcode_name[] = {
+#define X(opcode, name, argc, pop, push, desc) [opcode] = name,
+    SPL_OPCODES(X)
+#undef X
+};
+const char *spl_vm_opcode_name(spl_vm_opcode_t opcode) { return opcode_name[opcode]; }
+const char *spl_vm_type_kind_name(spl_type_t type) {
+    switch (type) {
+    case SPL_VOID:
+        return "void";
+    case SPL_BOOL:
+        return "bool";
+    case SPL_I8:
+        return "i8";
+    case SPL_U8:
+        return "u8";
+    case SPL_I16:
+        return "i16";
+    case SPL_U16:
+        return "u16";
+    case SPL_I32:
+        return "i32";
+    case SPL_U32:
+        return "u32";
+    case SPL_I64:
+        return "i64";
+    case SPL_U64:
+        return "u64";
+    case SPL_F32:
+        return "f32";
+    case SPL_F64:
+        return "f64";
+    case SPL_USIZE:
+        return "usize";
+    case SPL_ISIZE:
+        return "isize";
+    case SPL_PTR:
+        return "ptr";
+    default:
+        return "???";
+    }
+}
+
+void spl_vm_ins_dump(spl_vm_ins_t *ins, spl_vm_val_t addr) {
+    printf("%4zu: %s", addr, spl_vm_opcode_name((spl_vm_opcode_t)ins->opcode));
+    if (ins->type != SPL_VOID)
+        printf(" %s", spl_vm_type_kind_name((spl_type_t)ins->type));
+    printf(" %zd:%zx", ins->imm, ins->imm);
+    printf("\n");
+}

stage0/spl_mcode.h

@@ -0,0 +1,220 @@
+/* spl_mcode.h - SPL VM Machine Code: instruction set and binary format
+ */
+
+#ifndef __SPL_MCODE_H__
+#define __SPL_MCODE_H__
+
+#include "include/core_map.h"
+#include "include/core_vec.h"
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+typedef uintptr_t usize;
+typedef intptr_t isize;
+
+typedef enum {
+    SPL_VOID,
+    SPL_BOOL,
+    SPL_I8,
+    SPL_U8,
+    SPL_I16,
+    SPL_U16,
+    SPL_I32,
+    SPL_U32,
+    SPL_I64,
+    SPL_U64,
+    SPL_ISIZE,
+    SPL_USIZE,
+    SPL_F32,
+    SPL_F64,
+    SPL_PTR,
+    SPL_TYPE_COUNT,
+} spl_type_t;
+
+/* clang-format off */
+#define SPL_OPCODES(X) \
+    /* opcode,         name,       argc, pop, push, desc */ \
+    X(SPL_ERROR,     "error",       0,    0,   0,   "invalid opcode / internal error") \
+    /* 栈操作 */ \
+    X(SPL_PUSH,      "push",        1,    0,   1,   "push immediate") \
+    X(SPL_DUP,       "dup",         0,    0,   1,   "duplicate top of stack") \
+    X(SPL_DROP,      "drop",        0,    1,   0,   "discard top of stack") \
+    X(SPL_SWAP,      "swap",        0,    2,   2,   "swap top two elements") \
+    X(SPL_PICK,      "pick",        1,    0,   1,   "push copy of stack[imm] (0=TOS)") \
+    X(SPL_ROT,       "rot",         0,    3,   3,   "rotate top three (a b c -- b c a)") \
+    /* 算术 */ \
+    X(SPL_ADD,       "add",         0,    2,   1,   "integer addition") \
+    X(SPL_SUB,       "sub",         0,    2,   1,   "integer subtraction") \
+    X(SPL_MUL,       "mul",         0,    2,   1,   "integer multiplication") \
+    X(SPL_DIV_S,     "div_s",       0,    2,   1,   "signed division") \
+    X(SPL_DIV_U,     "div_u",       0,    2,   1,   "unsigned division") \
+    X(SPL_REM_S,     "rem_s",       0,    2,   1,   "signed remainder") \
+    X(SPL_REM_U,     "rem_u",       0,    2,   1,   "unsigned remainder") \
+    X(SPL_NEG,       "neg",         0,    1,   1,   "two's complement negation") \
+    /* 位运算 */ \
+    X(SPL_AND,       "and",         0,    2,   1,   "bitwise AND") \
+    X(SPL_OR,        "or",          0,    2,   1,   "bitwise OR") \
+    X(SPL_XOR,       "xor",         0,    2,   1,   "bitwise XOR") \
+    X(SPL_NOT,       "not",         0,    1,   1,   "bitwise NOT") \
+    X(SPL_SHL,       "shl",         0,    2,   1,   "left shift") \
+    X(SPL_SHR_U,     "shr_u",       0,    2,   1,   "logical right shift (zero-fill)") \
+    X(SPL_SHR_S,     "shr_s",       0,    2,   1,   "arithmetic right shift (sign-fill)") \
+    /* 比较 */ \
+    X(SPL_EQ,        "eq",          0,    2,   1,   "equal") \
+    X(SPL_NE,        "ne",          0,    2,   1,   "not equal") \
+    X(SPL_SLT,       "slt",         0,    2,   1,   "signed less than") \
+    X(SPL_SLE,       "sle",         0,    2,   1,   "signed less or equal") \
+    X(SPL_ULT,       "ult",         0,    2,   1,   "unsigned less than") \
+    X(SPL_ULE,       "ule",         0,    2,   1,   "unsigned less or equal") \
+    X(SPL_SGT,       "sgt",         0,    2,   1,   "signed greater than") \
+    X(SPL_SGE,       "sge",         0,    2,   1,   "signed greater or equal") \
+    X(SPL_UGT,       "ugt",         0,    2,   1,   "unsigned greater than") \
+    X(SPL_UGE,       "uge",         0,    2,   1,   "unsigned greater or equal") \
+    /* 类型转换 */ \
+    X(SPL_TRUNC,     "trunc",       1,    1,   1,   "truncate to low imm bits") \
+    X(SPL_SEXT,      "sext",        1,    1,   1,   "sign-extend from bit imm") \
+    X(SPL_ZEXT,      "zext",        1,    1,   1,   "zero-extend from bit imm") \
+    /* 控制流 */ \
+    X(SPL_JMP,       "jmp",         1,    0,   0,   "unconditional jump (offset isize)") \
+    X(SPL_BZ,        "bz",          1,    1,   0,   "pop; jump if zero (offset isize)") \
+    X(SPL_BNZ,       "bnz",         1,    1,   0,   "pop; jump if non-zero (offset isize)") \
+    X(SPL_HALT,      "halt",        0,    0,   0,   "stop execution") \
+    /* 函数调用 */ \
+    X(SPL_CALL,      "call",        1,    0,   0,   "call function pop function offset, call it") \
+    X(SPL_CALLI,     "calli",       0,    1,   0,   "indirect call: pop function address, call it") \
+    X(SPL_RET,       "ret",         0,    0,   0,   "return from function") \
+    /* 栈帧局部变量 */ \
+    X(SPL_ALLOC,     "alloc",       1,    0,   0,   "allocate imm zero-slots on stack") \
+    X(SPL_LADDR,     "laddr",       1,    0,   1,   "push address of local at fp + imm bytes") \
+    X(SPL_GADDR,     "gaddr",       1,    0,   1,   "push address of global at gp + imm") \
+    /* 间接内存访问 */ \
+    X(SPL_LOAD,      "load",        0,    1,   1,   "load sizeof(type)-bits zero-extended") \
+    X(SPL_STORE,     "store",       0,    2,   0,   "store low sizeof(type)-bits") \
+    /* 原生接口 */ \
+    X(SPL_NCALL,     "ncall",       1,    0,   1,   "call native function by index") \
+    X(SPL_NLIB,      "nlib",        1,    0,   0,   "dlopen library (name idx)") \
+    /* 调试 */ \
+    X(SPL_BK,        "breakpoint",  0,    0,   0,   "break point when exec will stop run") \
+    X(SPL_DBG,       "dbg",         0,    0,   0,   "print VM debug info (stack, backtrace, locals)")
+
+/* clang-format on */
+
+typedef enum {
+#define X(opcode, name, argc, pop, push, desc) opcode,
+    SPL_OPCODES(X)
+#undef X
+} spl_vm_opcode_t;
+
+/*
+ * Binary format (all metadata fields spl_val_t LE):
+ *   magic[8] = "SPLBIN\0\0"
+ *   nfuncs, ninsns, nnatives, nstrs, ndata
+ *   [func table]  each: name_len, name(pad8), idx_of_strtab, nargs, ninsns, address
+ *   [insns]       each: opcode(2) type(2) imm(8) = 12 bytes
+ *   [natives]     each: name_len, name(pad8), idx_of_strtab
+ *   [strtab]      each: slen, str(pad8)
+ *   [gdata]       each: dsize(8), data(dsize bytes, padded to 8)
+ *
+ * === Calling Convention ===
+ *
+ * Before CALL:
+ *   - args pushed left-to-right
+ *   - target address pushed last
+ *
+ * CALL (imm = nargs):
+ *   1. pop target address
+ *   2. callstack[cp++] = {saved_fp, saved_ip, nargs}
+ *   3. fp = sp - nargs    (fp points to arg0)
+ *   4. ip = target address
+ *
+ * ALLOC k:
+ *   sp += k  (slots zeroed; local[j] = stacks.data[fp + nargs + j])
+ *
+ * LADDR imm:
+ *   push &stacks.data[fp + imm]
+ *   (imm < nargs accesses args; imm >= nargs accesses locals)
+ *
+ * GADDR imm:
+ *   push prog->gdata[imm]  (pointer to global data blob)
+ *
+ * RET:
+ *   1. pop retval if non-void type
+ *   2. sp = fp
+ *   3. pop frame; fp = saved_fp, ip = saved_ip
+ *   4. push retval if non-void type
+ *
+ * CALLI (indirect call):
+ *   - stack before:  ..., arg0, ..., argN-1, nargs, func_addr
+ *   1. pop func_addr, then pop nargs
+ *   2. same as CALL steps 2-4
+ */
+
+#define SPL_BINFMT_MAGIC "SPLBIN\0\0"
+// All SIR stack values are ptr-bit unsigned integers
+typedef usize spl_vm_val_t;
+
+typedef struct spl_vm_ins {
+    uint8_t opcode;
+    uint8_t type;
+    spl_vm_val_t imm;
+} spl_vm_ins_t;
+typedef VEC(spl_vm_ins_t) spl_vm_ins_vec_t;
+
+typedef struct spl_vm_func {
+    char *name;
+    spl_vm_val_t idx_of_strtab;
+    spl_vm_val_t nargs;
+    spl_vm_val_t ninsns;
+    spl_vm_val_t address;
+} spl_vm_func_t;
+typedef VEC(spl_vm_func_t) spl_vm_func_vec_t;
+
+/* Native function pointer type */
+typedef spl_vm_val_t (*spl_vm_fn_t)(int nargs, spl_vm_val_t *args);
+typedef struct spl_vm_native {
+    char *name;
+    spl_vm_val_t idx_of_strtab;
+    spl_vm_fn_t impl_fn;
+} spl_vm_native_t;
+typedef VEC(spl_vm_native_t) spl_vm_native_vec_t;
+
+typedef struct {
+    unsigned char *data;
+    usize size;
+} spl_vm_gdata_t;
+typedef VEC(spl_vm_gdata_t) spl_vm_data_t;
+typedef VEC(const char *) spl_vm_strtab_t;
+typedef MAP(const char *, const char *) spl_vm_symtab_t;
+/* Opaque handle for loaded program */
+typedef struct spl_prog {
+    spl_vm_ins_vec_t insns;
+    spl_vm_func_vec_t funcs;
+    spl_vm_native_vec_t natives;
+    spl_vm_data_t gdata;
+    spl_vm_strtab_t strtab;
+    spl_vm_symtab_t symtab;
+    char *debug; /* 文件尾部 debug 段（splc0 -g 追加的文本），无则 NULL */
+    usize debug_size;
+} spl_prog_t;
+
+void spl_prog_init(spl_prog_t *prog);
+void spl_prog_drop(spl_prog_t *prog);
+
+int spl_prog_load_from_file(const char *fname, spl_prog_t *prog);
+int spl_prog_store_to_file(const char *fname, spl_prog_t *prog);
+
+int spl_prog_add_instr(spl_prog_t *prog, uint8_t opcode, uint8_t type, spl_vm_val_t imm);
+int spl_prog_add_data(spl_prog_t *prog, void *ptr, usize size);
+int spl_prog_add_func(spl_prog_t *prog, spl_vm_func_t *func);
+int spl_prog_add_native(spl_prog_t *prog, spl_vm_native_t *native);
+
+spl_vm_func_t *spl_prog_get_func(spl_prog_t *prog, const char *name);
+spl_vm_native_t *spl_prog_get_native(spl_prog_t *prog, const char *name);
+
+/* Opcode name lookup for debugging/dumping */
+const char *spl_vm_opcode_name(spl_vm_opcode_t opcode);
+const char *spl_vm_type_kind_name(spl_type_t type);
+
+void spl_vm_ins_dump(spl_vm_ins_t *ins, spl_vm_val_t addr);
+
+#endif /* __SPL_MCODE_H__ */

stage0/spl_syscall.c

@@ -0,0 +1,406 @@
+/* spl_syscall.c - built-in syscall implementations + registration
+ *
+ * All syscalls validate nargs, cast spl_val_t args to the expected C types,
+ * execute, and return the result as spl_val_t.
+ *
+ * Simple syscalls use the SYSCALL_N macros; complex ones are written
+ * manually but follow the same template.
+ */
+
+#include "spl_syscall.h"
+#include "include/core_map.h"
+#include "include/core_vec.h"
+#include "spl_mcode.h"
+#include "spl_vm.h"
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+/* =================================================================
+ * Macro templates
+ *
+ * Each SYSCALL_N macro:
+ *  1. Validates nargs (prints error and returns -1 on mismatch)
+ *  2. Casts args[n] from spl_val_t to the specified C type via
+ *     (type)(uintptr_t) - this handles both integer and pointer types
+ *  3. Evaluates the expression and returns the result as spl_val_t
+ * ================================================================= */
+
+#define CHECK_NARGS(fname, expected)                                                               \
+    do {                                                                                           \
+        if (nargs != (expected)) {                                                                 \
+            fprintf(stderr, fname ": expected " #expected " args, got %d\n", nargs);               \
+            return -1;                                                                             \
+        }                                                                                          \
+    } while (0)
+
+#define SYSCALL_0(name, ret_expr)                                                                  \
+    static spl_vm_val_t name(int nargs, spl_vm_val_t *args) {                                      \
+        CHECK_NARGS(#name, 0);                                                                     \
+        (void)args;                                                                                \
+        return (spl_vm_val_t)(uintptr_t)(ret_expr);                                                \
+    }
+
+#define SYSCALL_1(name, t1, ret_expr)                                                              \
+    static spl_vm_val_t name(int nargs, spl_vm_val_t *args) {                                      \
+        CHECK_NARGS(#name, 1);                                                                     \
+        t1 a1 = (t1)(uintptr_t)args[0];                                                            \
+        return (spl_vm_val_t)(uintptr_t)(ret_expr);                                                \
+    }
+
+#define SYSCALL_2(name, t1, t2, ret_expr)                                                          \
+    static spl_vm_val_t name(int nargs, spl_vm_val_t *args) {                                      \
+        CHECK_NARGS(#name, 2);                                                                     \
+        t1 a1 = (t1)(uintptr_t)args[0];                                                            \
+        t2 a2 = (t2)(uintptr_t)args[1];                                                            \
+        return (spl_vm_val_t)(uintptr_t)(ret_expr);                                                \
+    }
+
+#define SYSCALL_3(name, t1, t2, t3, ret_expr)                                                      \
+    static spl_vm_val_t name(int nargs, spl_vm_val_t *args) {                                      \
+        CHECK_NARGS(#name, 3);                                                                     \
+        t1 a1 = (t1)(uintptr_t)args[0];                                                            \
+        t2 a2 = (t2)(uintptr_t)args[1];                                                            \
+        t3 a3 = (t3)(uintptr_t)args[2];                                                            \
+        return (spl_vm_val_t)(uintptr_t)(ret_expr);                                                \
+    }
+
+#define SYSCALL_4(name, t1, t2, t3, t4, ret_expr)                                                  \
+    static spl_vm_val_t name(int nargs, spl_vm_val_t *args) {                                      \
+        CHECK_NARGS(#name, 4);                                                                     \
+        t1 a1 = (t1)(uintptr_t)args[0];                                                            \
+        t2 a2 = (t2)(uintptr_t)args[1];                                                            \
+        t3 a3 = (t3)(uintptr_t)args[2];                                                            \
+        t4 a4 = (t4)(uintptr_t)args[3];                                                            \
+        return (spl_vm_val_t)(uintptr_t)(ret_expr);                                                \
+    }
+
+/* =================================================================
+ * OS syscalls
+ * ================================================================= */
+
+/* vm_exit - terminate process with the given exit code */
+SYSCALL_1(vm_exit, int, (exit(a1), (spl_vm_val_t)0))
+
+/* vm_putchar - write a single character to stdout */
+SYSCALL_1(vm_putchar, int, putchar(a1))
+
+/* vm_getchar - read a single character from stdin */
+SYSCALL_0(vm_getchar, getchar())
+
+/* vm_putint - print an integer to stdout */
+SYSCALL_1(vm_putint, int, (fprintf(stdout, "%d", a1), (spl_vm_val_t)0))
+
+/* vm_putstr - print a string to stdout (no trailing newline) */
+SYSCALL_1(vm_putstr, const char *, (fputs(a1, stdout), (spl_vm_val_t)0))
+
+/* vm_fopen - open a file, returns FILE* as spl_val_t */
+SYSCALL_2(vm_fopen, const char *, const char *, (uintptr_t)fopen(a1, a2))
+
+/* vm_fclose - close a file, returns 0 on success */
+SYSCALL_1(vm_fclose, FILE *, fclose(a1))
+
+/* vm_fread - read from file, returns number of items read */
+SYSCALL_4(vm_fread, void *, size_t, size_t, FILE *, fread(a1, a2, a3, a4))
+
+/* vm_fwrite - write to file, returns number of items written */
+SYSCALL_4(vm_fwrite, const void *, size_t, size_t, FILE *, fwrite(a1, a2, a3, a4))
+
+/* vm_fsize - get file size in bytes */
+static spl_vm_val_t vm_fsize(int nargs, spl_vm_val_t *args) {
+    CHECK_NARGS("vm_fsize", 1);
+    FILE *f = (FILE *)(uintptr_t)args[0];
+    long cur = ftell(f);
+    fseek(f, 0, SEEK_END);
+    long sz = ftell(f);
+    fseek(f, cur, SEEK_SET);
+    return (spl_vm_val_t)(uintptr_t)sz;
+}
+
+SYSCALL_0(vm_stdin, stdin)
+SYSCALL_0(vm_stdout, stdout)
+SYSCALL_0(vm_stderr, stderr)
+
+/* vm_read_file - read entire file into a malloc'd, null-terminated buffer */
+static spl_vm_val_t vm_read_file(int nargs, spl_vm_val_t *args) {
+    CHECK_NARGS("vm_read_file", 1);
+    const char *path = (const char *)(uintptr_t)args[0];
+    if (path == nullptr) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "filepath can't be null");
+        return 0;
+    }
+    FILE *f = fopen(path, "rb");
+    if (!f) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "filepath %s can't be open", path);
+        return 1;
+    }
+    fseek(f, 0, SEEK_END);
+    long sz = ftell(f);
+    fseek(f, 0, SEEK_SET);
+    char *buf = (char *)malloc((size_t)sz + 1);
+    if (!buf) {
+        fclose(f);
+        return 0;
+    }
+    size_t nread = fread(buf, 1, (size_t)sz, f);
+    fclose(f);
+    buf[nread] = '\0';
+    return (spl_vm_val_t)(uintptr_t)buf;
+}
+
+/* vm_alloc - allocate memory (malloc) */
+SYSCALL_1(vm_alloc, size_t, (uintptr_t)malloc(a1))
+
+/* vm_free - free memory */
+SYSCALL_1(vm_free, void *, (free(a1), (spl_vm_val_t)0))
+
+/* vm_realloc - reallocate memory (realloc) */
+SYSCALL_2(vm_realloc, void *, size_t, (uintptr_t)realloc(a1, a2))
+
+/* vm_strlen - get string length */
+SYSCALL_1(vm_strlen, const char *, strlen(a1))
+
+/* vm_strcmp - compare two strings */
+SYSCALL_2(vm_strcmp, const char *, const char *, strcmp(a1, a2))
+
+/* vm_memcpy - copy memory, returns dst */
+SYSCALL_3(vm_memcpy, void *, const void *, size_t, (memcpy(a1, a2, a3), (uintptr_t)a1))
+
+static spl_vm_val_t vm_printf(int nargs, spl_vm_val_t *args) {
+    (void)args;
+    if (nargs <= 0) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    const char *fmt = (const char *)args[0];
+    usize fmt_len = strlen(fmt);
+    typedef VEC(char) string_builder_t;
+    string_builder_t buffer;
+    vec_init(buffer);
+    if (nargs <= 1) {
+        printf("%s", fmt);
+        return nargs;
+    }
+    int arg_idx = 0;
+    char tmp_buf[32];
+    memset(tmp_buf, 0, sizeof(tmp_buf));
+    for (usize i = 0; i < fmt_len; ++i) {
+        if (fmt[i] != '%') {
+            vec_push(buffer, fmt[i]);
+            continue;
+        }
+        arg_idx += 1;
+        if (++i >= fmt_len) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        switch (fmt[i]) {
+        case '.': {
+            Assert(i + 2 < fmt_len && arg_idx + 1 <= nargs && fmt[i + 1] == '*' &&
+                   fmt[i + 2] == 's');
+            for (usize j = 0; j < args[arg_idx]; ++j) {
+                vec_push(buffer, ((const char *)args[arg_idx + 1])[j]);
+            }
+            arg_idx += 1; /* %.*s 消耗 2 个实参（len, data），遇 % 已 +1，这里补 1 */
+            i += 2;
+        } break;
+        case 'd':
+            snprintf(tmp_buf, sizeof(tmp_buf), "%zd", args[arg_idx]);
+            for (usize j = 0; j < strlen(tmp_buf); ++j) {
+                vec_push(buffer, tmp_buf[j]);
+            }
+            break;
+        case 'c':
+            vec_push(buffer, (char)args[arg_idx]);
+            break;
+        case 's':
+            for (usize j = 0; j < strlen((const char *)args[arg_idx]); ++j) {
+                vec_push(buffer, ((const char *)args[arg_idx])[j]);
+            }
+            break;
+        default:
+            continue;
+        }
+    }
+    vec_push(buffer, '\0');
+    printf("%s", buffer.data);
+    vec_free(buffer);
+    return nargs;
+}
+
+/* =================================================================
+ * VM syscalls (for comptime - compile-time code execution)
+ *
+ * These let SPL code create isolated sub-VMs, load compiled .sir
+ * programs into them, push arguments, call functions, and run.
+ * ================================================================= */
+
+/* vm_new - create a new sub-VM instance, returns spl_vm_t* */
+static spl_vm_val_t vm_new(int nargs, spl_vm_val_t *args) {
+    CHECK_NARGS("vm_new", 0);
+    (void)args;
+    spl_vm_t *vm = (spl_vm_t *)malloc(sizeof(spl_vm_t));
+    if (!vm)
+        return 0;
+    spl_vm_init(vm);
+    return (spl_vm_val_t)(uintptr_t)vm;
+}
+
+/* vm_drop - destroy a sub-VM and its loaded program */
+static spl_vm_val_t vm_drop(int nargs, spl_vm_val_t *args) {
+    CHECK_NARGS("vm_drop", 1);
+    spl_vm_t *vm = (spl_vm_t *)(uintptr_t)args[0];
+    if (!vm)
+        return 0;
+    if (vm->prog) {
+        spl_prog_drop(vm->prog);
+        free(vm->prog);
+        vm->prog = NULL;
+    }
+    spl_vm_drop(vm);
+    free(vm);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* vm_load - load a .sir file, register syscalls, return spl_prog_t* */
+static spl_vm_val_t vm_load(int nargs, spl_vm_val_t *args) {
+    CHECK_NARGS("vm_load", 2);
+    spl_vm_t *vm = (spl_vm_t *)(uintptr_t)args[0];
+    const char *path = (const char *)(uintptr_t)args[1];
+    if (!vm || !path)
+        return -1;
+
+    spl_prog_t *prog = (spl_prog_t *)malloc(sizeof(spl_prog_t));
+    if (!prog)
+        return -1;
+    if (spl_prog_load_from_file(path, prog) != 0) {
+        free(prog);
+        return -1;
+    }
+    spl_syscall_register(prog);
+    if (spl_vm_load_prog(vm, prog) != 0) {
+        spl_prog_drop(prog);
+        free(prog);
+        return -1;
+    }
+    return (spl_vm_val_t)(uintptr_t)prog;
+}
+
+/* vm_push - push a value onto the sub-VM's stack (for passing arguments) */
+static spl_vm_val_t vm_push(int nargs, spl_vm_val_t *args) {
+    CHECK_NARGS("vm_push", 2);
+    spl_vm_t *vm = (spl_vm_t *)(uintptr_t)args[0];
+    spl_vm_val_t val = args[1];
+    if (!vm)
+        return -1;
+    if (vm->sp >= vm->config.max_stack_depth) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "vm_push: stack overflow\n");
+        return -1;
+    }
+    vm->stacks.data[vm->sp++] = val;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* vm_call - call a function by name with pre-pushed arguments
+ *
+ * Args (3): vm, function_name, nargs
+ * The arguments should already be on the sub-VM's stack via vm_push.
+ *
+ * Mirrors the CALL instruction's frame setup:
+ *   - Pushes a sentinel frame (saved_ip=-1) if cp==0 so RET halts properly
+ *   - Pushes the actual call frame
+ *   - Sets fp = sp - nargs  (so arg0 = data[fp], arg1 = data[fp+1], ...)
+ *   - Sets ip to the function address
+ */
+static spl_vm_val_t vm_call(int nargs, spl_vm_val_t *args) {
+    CHECK_NARGS("vm_call", 3);
+    spl_vm_t *vm = (spl_vm_t *)(uintptr_t)args[0];
+    const char *name = (const char *)(uintptr_t)args[1];
+    spl_vm_val_t call_nargs = args[2];
+    if (!vm || !name)
+        return -1;
+
+    spl_vm_func_t *func = spl_prog_get_func(vm->prog, name);
+    if (!func) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "vm_call: function '%s' not found\n", name);
+        return -1;
+    }
+    if (vm->cp >= vm->config.max_call_depth - 1) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "vm_call: call stack overflow\n");
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    /* Sentinel frame so the entry function's RET halts cleanly */
+    if (vm->cp == 0) {
+        vm->frames.data[vm->cp].saved_fp = 0;
+        vm->frames.data[vm->cp].saved_ip = (uintptr_t)-1;
+        vm->frames.data[vm->cp].nargs = 0;
+        vm->cp++;
+    }
+
+    /* Actual call frame (same logic as the CALL instruction) */
+    vm->frames.data[vm->cp].saved_fp = vm->fp;
+    vm->frames.data[vm->cp].saved_ip = vm->ip;
+    vm->frames.data[vm->cp].nargs = call_nargs;
+    vm->cp++;
+    vm->fp = vm->sp - call_nargs;
+    vm->ip = (uintptr_t)func->address;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* vm_run - run a sub-VM to completion, returns exit_code */
+SYSCALL_1(vm_run, spl_vm_t *, spl_vm_run_until(a1, 0))
+
+/* =================================================================
+ * Registration
+ *
+ * Called after loading a .sir file.  Matches native declarations in
+ * prog->natives against known syscall names and hooks up impl_fn.
+ * ================================================================= */
+
+void spl_syscall_register(spl_prog_t *prog) {
+    static spl_vm_native_t table[] = {
+        /* OS operations */
+        {"vm_exit", 0, vm_exit},
+        {"vm_putchar", 0, vm_putchar},
+        {"vm_getchar", 0, vm_getchar},
+        {"vm_putint", 0, vm_putint},
+        {"vm_putstr", 0, vm_putstr},
+        {"vm_fopen", 0, vm_fopen},
+        {"vm_fclose", 0, vm_fclose},
+        {"vm_fread", 0, vm_fread},
+        {"vm_fwrite", 0, vm_fwrite},
+        {"vm_fsize", 0, vm_fsize},
+        {"vm_stdin", 0, vm_stdin},
+        {"vm_stdout", 0, vm_stdout},
+        {"vm_stderr", 0, vm_stderr},
+        {"vm_read_file", 0, vm_read_file},
+        {"vm_alloc", 0, vm_alloc},
+        {"vm_free", 0, vm_free},
+        {"vm_realloc", 0, vm_realloc},
+        {"vm_strlen", 0, vm_strlen},
+        {"vm_strcmp", 0, vm_strcmp},
+        {"vm_memcpy", 0, vm_memcpy},
+        {"vm_printf", 0, vm_printf},
+        /* VM operations (comptime) */
+        {"vm_new", 0, vm_new},
+        {"vm_drop", 0, vm_drop},
+        {"vm_load", 0, vm_load},
+        {"vm_push", 0, vm_push},
+        {"vm_call", 0, vm_call},
+        {"vm_run", 0, vm_run},
+    };
+    int n = (int)(sizeof(table) / sizeof(table[0]));
+    if (!prog)
+        return;
+    vec_for(prog->natives, i) {
+        spl_vm_native_t *nat = &vec_at(prog->natives, i);
+        if (!nat->name || nat->impl_fn)
+            continue;
+        for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
+            if (strcmp(nat->name, table[j].name) == 0) {
+                nat->impl_fn = table[j].impl_fn;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

stage0/spl_syscall.h

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+/* spl_syscall.h - built-in syscall layer for SIR VM
+ *
+ * Provides I/O native functions (putchar, getchar, file ops, etc.)
+ * that compiled SPL programs can call via NCALL.
+ *
+ * spl_syscall_register() must be called AFTER spl_prog_load_from_file()
+ * and BEFORE spl_vm_run_until().  It matches native declarations in the
+ * loaded program against known syscall names and hooks up the C
+ * implementations.
+ */
+
+#ifndef __SPL_SYSCALL_H__
+#define __SPL_SYSCALL_H__
+
+#include "spl_mcode.h"
+
+/* Register all known built-in syscalls into prog->natives[].
+ * Entries whose name matches a known syscall get their impl_fn set;
+ * unmatched entries remain NULL (will error at runtime if called). */
+void spl_syscall_register(spl_prog_t *prog);
+
+#endif /* __SPL_SYSCALL_H__ */

stage0/spl_vm.h

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+/* spl_vm.h - SIR interpreter */
+
+#ifndef __SPL_VM_H__
+#define __SPL_VM_H__
+
+#include "include/core_vec.h"
+#include "spl_mcode.h"
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+#define SPL_STACK_CANARY ((spl_vm_val_t)0xDEADBEEFCAFEBABEull)
+
+typedef struct {
+    uintptr_t saved_sp;
+    uintptr_t saved_fp;
+    uintptr_t saved_ip;
+    spl_vm_val_t nargs;
+} spl_callframe_t;
+
+typedef VEC(spl_vm_val_t) spl_stack_vec_t;
+typedef VEC(spl_callframe_t) spl_frame_vec_t;
+
+typedef struct {
+    spl_stack_vec_t stacks;
+    spl_frame_vec_t frames;
+    uintptr_t gp; // global pointer
+    uintptr_t sp; // stack pointer
+    uintptr_t fp; // frame pointer
+    uintptr_t cp; // call pointer
+    uintptr_t ip; // instr pointer
+    int exit_code;
+    int trace;                  /* non-zero to print each instruction */
+    int debug;                  /* non-zero to enable canary checks */
+    int debug_addr;             /* non-zero to check for low-address memory access */
+    int skip_bp;                /* non-zero: run_once 忽略下一次断点（continue 越过当前断点指令） */
+    VEC(usize) breakpoints;     /* ip 断点（执行到该指令前暂停，run_once 返回 2） */
+    VEC(char *) fn_breakpoints; /* 函数名断点（CALL/CALLI 目标函数入口暂停） */
+    spl_prog_t *prog;
+    char error_msg[1024];
+    struct {
+        uintptr_t max_stack_depth;
+        uintptr_t max_call_depth;
+    } config;
+} spl_vm_t;
+
+/* Initialize VM with default sizes (SPL_DEFAULT_STACK_SIZE /
+ * SPL_DEFAULT_CALL_DEPTH) */
+void spl_vm_init(spl_vm_t *vm);
+
+/* Initialize VM with custom sizes (pass 0 to use defaults) */
+void spl_vm_init_ex(spl_vm_t *vm, int stack_size, int call_depth);
+
+/* Free dynamically allocated memory in VM */
+void spl_vm_drop(spl_vm_t *vm);
+
+int spl_vm_load_prog(spl_vm_t *vm, spl_prog_t *prog);
+int spl_vm_prepare(spl_vm_t *vm, const char *entry, int argc, const char **argv, const char **envp);
+
+/* Enable/disable instruction-level tracing */
+void spl_vm_set_trace(spl_vm_t *vm, int enabled);
+
+/* Enable/disable debug mode (stack canary protection) */
+void spl_vm_set_debug(spl_vm_t *vm, int enabled);
+
+int spl_vm_run_once(spl_vm_t *vm);
+int spl_vm_run_until(spl_vm_t *vm, size_t step);
+
+/* 断点：ip 断点 / 函数名断点（CALL/CALLI 目标函数入口）。命中时 run_once 返回 2。 */
+void spl_vm_add_breakpoint(spl_vm_t *vm, usize ip);
+void spl_vm_add_breakpoint_fn(spl_vm_t *vm, const char *name);
+void spl_vm_clear_breakpoints(spl_vm_t *vm);
+/* 让 run_once 执行当前指令（忽略一次断点命中）；continue 越过当前断点用 */
+void spl_vm_skip_breakpoint(spl_vm_t *vm);
+
+void spl_vm_dump_instr(spl_vm_t *vm, spl_vm_val_t ip);
+void spl_vm_stackdump(spl_vm_t *vm, spl_vm_val_t sp);
+int spl_vm_backtrace(spl_vm_t *vm, spl_vm_val_t fp);
+
+#endif /* __SPL_VM_H__ */

stage0/test_spl_vm.c

@@ -0,0 +1,878 @@
+/* test_spl_vm.c – unit tests for SPL VM using acutest.h
+ *
+ * Constructs SIR binaries, writes to temp files, loads via
+ * spl_prog_load_from_file, and runs via the spl_vm_t API.
+ */
+
+#include "include/acutest.h"
+#include "spl_mcode.h"
+#include "spl_vm.h"
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+/* ================================================================
+ * Binary-writing helpers (mirrors spl_mcode.c internal format)
+ * ================================================================ */
+
+/* Write spl_val_t (8 LE bytes), advance pointer */
+#define LE64(p, v)                                                                                 \
+    do {                                                                                           \
+        unsigned char *_p = (p);                                                                   \
+        spl_vm_val_t _v = (spl_vm_val_t)(v);                                                       \
+        *_p++ = (unsigned char)(_v);                                                               \
+        *_p++ = (unsigned char)(_v >> 8);                                                          \
+        *_p++ = (unsigned char)(_v >> 16);                                                         \
+        *_p++ = (unsigned char)(_v >> 24);                                                         \
+        *_p++ = (unsigned char)(_v >> 32);                                                         \
+        *_p++ = (unsigned char)(_v >> 40);                                                         \
+        *_p++ = (unsigned char)(_v >> 48);                                                         \
+        *_p++ = (unsigned char)(_v >> 56);                                                         \
+        (p) = _p;                                                                                  \
+    } while (0)
+
+/* Convenience: build spl_ins_t from raw fields */
+static spl_vm_ins_t ins(uint16_t op, uint16_t type, spl_vm_val_t imm) {
+    spl_vm_ins_t x;
+    x.opcode = op;
+    x.type = type;
+    x.imm = imm;
+    return x;
+}
+
+/* Build a single-function SIR binary in malloc'd memory.
+ * Returns buffer that must be freed by caller. */
+static unsigned char *build_binary(const char *fname, spl_vm_val_t nargs,
+                                   const spl_vm_ins_t *instns, int ninsns, size_t *out_len) {
+    size_t nlen = strlen(fname) + 1;
+    size_t npad = ((nlen + 7) / 8) * 8 - nlen;
+    size_t sz = 8 + 8 + 8 + 8 + 8 + 8             /* magic + 5 counts */
+                + 8 + nlen + npad + 8 + 8 + 8 + 8 /* func entry */
+                + (size_t)ninsns * 12;            /* instructions */
+    unsigned char *buf = (unsigned char *)malloc(sz);
+    unsigned char *p = buf;
+
+    memcpy(p, "SPLBIN\0\0", 8);
+    p += 8;                        /* magic */
+    LE64(p, 1);                    /* nfuncs */
+    LE64(p, (spl_vm_val_t)ninsns); /* ninsns */
+    LE64(p, 0);                    /* nnatives */
+    LE64(p, 0);                    /* nstrs */
+    LE64(p, 0);                    /* ndata */
+
+    /* func entry */
+    LE64(p, (spl_vm_val_t)nlen); /* name_len */
+    memcpy(p, fname, nlen);
+    p += nlen;
+    memset(p, 0, npad);
+    p += npad;
+    LE64(p, 0); /* idx_of_strtab */
+    LE64(p, nargs);
+    LE64(p, (spl_vm_val_t)ninsns);
+    LE64(p, 0); /* address = 0 */
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < ninsns; i++) {
+        *p++ = (unsigned char)(instns[i].opcode);
+        *p++ = (unsigned char)(instns[i].opcode >> 8);
+        *p++ = (unsigned char)(instns[i].type);
+        *p++ = (unsigned char)(instns[i].type >> 8);
+        LE64(p, instns[i].imm);
+    }
+
+    *out_len = sz;
+    return buf;
+}
+
+/* ================================================================
+ * VM test helpers (file-based prog load)
+ * ================================================================ */
+
+static const char *TMPFILE = "test_spl_vm_tmp.bin";
+
+/* Write binary buffer to temp file */
+static int write_temp(const unsigned char *bin, size_t len) {
+    FILE *f = fopen(TMPFILE, "wb");
+    if (!f)
+        return -1;
+    fwrite(bin, 1, len, f);
+    fclose(f);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* Run a single-function program, return exit code (or -1 on failure). */
+static int run(const spl_vm_ins_t *instns, int ninsns) {
+    size_t len;
+    unsigned char *bin = build_binary("main", 0, instns, ninsns, &len);
+    spl_prog_t prog;
+    spl_vm_t vm;
+    int rc = -1;
+
+    spl_vm_init(&vm);
+    if (write_temp(bin, len) == 0 && spl_prog_load_from_file(TMPFILE, &prog) == 0) {
+        if (spl_vm_load_prog(&vm, &prog) == 0) {
+            if (spl_vm_prepare(&vm, "main", 0, NULL, NULL) == 0) {
+                int ret = spl_vm_run_until(&vm, 0);
+                if (ret == 1) /* halted normally */
+                    rc = (int)vm.exit_code;
+                else if (ret == 0) /* still running (shouldn't happen with halt) */
+                    rc = -2;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    spl_vm_drop(&vm);
+    remove(TMPFILE);
+    free(bin);
+    return rc;
+}
+
+/* Run with native functions registered. */
+static int run_with_natives(const spl_vm_ins_t *instns, int ninsns, spl_vm_native_t *natives,
+                            int nnatives) {
+    size_t len;
+    unsigned char *bin = build_binary("main", 0, instns, ninsns, &len);
+    spl_prog_t prog;
+    spl_vm_t vm;
+    int rc = -1;
+
+    spl_vm_init(&vm);
+    if (write_temp(bin, len) == 0 && spl_prog_load_from_file(TMPFILE, &prog) == 0) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < nnatives; i++)
+            spl_prog_add_native(&prog, &natives[i]);
+        if (spl_vm_load_prog(&vm, &prog) == 0) {
+            if (spl_vm_prepare(&vm, "main", 0, NULL, NULL) == 0) {
+                int ret = spl_vm_run_until(&vm, 0);
+                if (ret == 1)
+                    rc = (int)vm.exit_code;
+                else if (ret == 0)
+                    rc = -2;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    spl_vm_drop(&vm);
+    remove(TMPFILE);
+    free(bin);
+    return rc;
+}
+
+/* ================================================================
+ * Native function for NCALL tests
+ * ================================================================ */
+
+static spl_vm_val_t native_add_impl(int nargs, spl_vm_val_t *args) {
+    return (nargs >= 2) ? args[0] + args[1] : 0;
+}
+
+/* ================================================================
+ * Stack tests
+ * ================================================================ */
+
+void test_push_imm(void) {
+    spl_vm_ins_t p[] = {ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_I32, 42), ins(SPL_RET, SPL_I32, 0)};
+    TEST_CHECK(run(p, 2) == 42);
+}
+
+void test_dup(void) {
+    spl_vm_ins_t p[] = {ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_I32, 99), ins(SPL_DUP, SPL_VOID, 0),
+                        ins(SPL_ADD, SPL_I32, 0), ins(SPL_RET, SPL_I32, 0)};
+    TEST_CHECK(run(p, 4) == 198);
+}
+
+void test_drop(void) {
+    spl_vm_ins_t p[] = {ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_I32, 1), ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_I32, 2),
+                        ins(SPL_DROP, SPL_VOID, 0), ins(SPL_RET, SPL_I32, 0)};
+    TEST_CHECK(run(p, 4) == 1);
+}
+
+void test_swap(void) {
+    spl_vm_ins_t p[] = {ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_I32, 1), ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_I32, 2),
+                        ins(SPL_SWAP, SPL_VOID, 0), ins(SPL_DROP, SPL_VOID, 0),
+                        ins(SPL_RET, SPL_I32, 0)};
+    TEST_CHECK(run(p, 5) == 2);
+}
+
+void test_pick(void) {
+    /* push 10, 20, 30, pick 1 -> copy 20, add -> 50 */
+    spl_vm_ins_t p[] = {ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_I32, 10), ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_I32, 20),
+                        ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_I32, 30), ins(SPL_PICK, SPL_VOID, 1),
+                        ins(SPL_ADD, SPL_I32, 0),   ins(SPL_RET, SPL_I32, 0)};
+    TEST_CHECK(run(p, 6) == 50);
+}
+
+/* ================================================================
+ * Arithmetic tests
+ * ================================================================ */
+
+void test_add(void) {
+    spl_vm_ins_t p[] = {ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_I32, 2), ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_I32, 3),
+                        ins(SPL_ADD, SPL_I32, 0), ins(SPL_RET, SPL_I32, 0)};
+    TEST_CHECK(run(p, 4) == 5);
+}
+
+void test_sub(void) {
+    spl_vm_ins_t p[] = {ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_I32, 10), ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_I32, 3),
+                        ins(SPL_SUB, SPL_I32, 0), ins(SPL_RET, SPL_I32, 0)};
+    TEST_CHECK(run(p, 4) == 7);
+}
+
+void test_mul(void) {
+    spl_vm_ins_t p[] = {ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_I32, 6), ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_I32, 7),
+                        ins(SPL_MUL, SPL_I32, 0), ins(SPL_RET, SPL_I32, 0)};
+    TEST_CHECK(run(p, 4) == 42);
+}
+
+void test_div(void) {
+    spl_vm_ins_t p[] = {ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_I32, 100), ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_I32, 3),
+                        ins(SPL_DIV_S, SPL_I32, 0), ins(SPL_RET, SPL_I32, 0)};
+    TEST_CHECK(run(p, 4) == 33);
+}
+
+void test_rem(void) {
+    spl_vm_ins_t p[] = {ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_I32, 100), ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_I32, 3),
+                        ins(SPL_REM_S, SPL_I32, 0), ins(SPL_RET, SPL_I32, 0)};
+    TEST_CHECK(run(p, 4) == 1);
+}
+
+void test_neg(void) {
+    spl_vm_ins_t p[] = {ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_I32, 42), ins(SPL_NEG, SPL_I32, 0),
+                        ins(SPL_RET, SPL_I32, 0)};
+    TEST_CHECK(run(p, 3) == -42);
+}
+
+void test_i64_arith(void) {
+    spl_vm_ins_t p[] = {ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_I64, 42), ins(SPL_RET, SPL_I64, 0)};
+    TEST_CHECK(run(p, 2) == 42);
+}
+
+/* ================================================================
+ * Bitwise tests
+ * ================================================================ */
+
+void test_and(void) {
+    spl_vm_ins_t p[] = {ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_U32, 0xFF00), ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_U32, 0x0FF0),
+                        ins(SPL_AND, SPL_U32, 0), ins(SPL_RET, SPL_U32, 0)};
+    TEST_CHECK(run(p, 4) == 0x0F00);
+}
+
+void test_or(void) {
+    spl_vm_ins_t p[] = {ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_U32, 0xFF00), ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_U32, 0x00FF),
+                        ins(SPL_OR, SPL_U32, 0), ins(SPL_RET, SPL_U32, 0)};
+    TEST_CHECK(run(p, 4) == 0xFFFF);
+}
+
+void test_xor(void) {
+    spl_vm_ins_t p[] = {ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_U32, 0xFFFF), ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_U32, 0x0FF0),
+                        ins(SPL_XOR, SPL_U32, 0), ins(SPL_RET, SPL_U32, 0)};
+    TEST_CHECK(run(p, 4) == 0xF00F);
+}
+
+void test_not(void) {
+    spl_vm_ins_t p[] = {ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_U32, 0xFFFF0000), ins(SPL_NOT, SPL_U32, 0),
+                        ins(SPL_RET, SPL_U32, 0)};
+    TEST_CHECK(run(p, 3) == (unsigned int)0x0000FFFF);
+}
+
+void test_shl(void) {
+    spl_vm_ins_t p[] = {ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_U32, 1), ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_U32, 10),
+                        ins(SPL_SHL, SPL_U32, 0), ins(SPL_RET, SPL_U32, 0)};
+    TEST_CHECK(run(p, 4) == 1024);
+}
+
+void test_shr(void) {
+    spl_vm_ins_t p[] = {ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_U32, 1024), ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_U32, 10),
+                        ins(SPL_SHR_U, SPL_U32, 0), ins(SPL_RET, SPL_U32, 0)};
+    TEST_CHECK(run(p, 4) == 1);
+}
+
+void test_shr_s(void) {
+    /* arithmetic right shift: -1024 >> 5 sign-extends */
+    spl_vm_ins_t p[] = {ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_I32, (spl_vm_val_t)(int32_t)-1024),
+                        ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_U32, 5), ins(SPL_SHR_S, SPL_I32, 0),
+                        ins(SPL_RET, SPL_I32, 0)};
+    TEST_CHECK(run(p, 4) == -32);
+}
+
+/* ================================================================
+ * Comparison tests
+ * ================================================================ */
+
+void test_eq(void) {
+    spl_vm_ins_t p[] = {ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_I32, 42), ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_I32, 42),
+                        ins(SPL_EQ, SPL_I32, 0), ins(SPL_RET, SPL_I32, 0)};
+    TEST_CHECK(run(p, 4) == 1);
+}
+
+void test_neq(void) {
+    spl_vm_ins_t p[] = {ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_I32, 42), ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_I32, 99),
+                        ins(SPL_NE, SPL_I32, 0), ins(SPL_RET, SPL_I32, 0)};
+    TEST_CHECK(run(p, 4) == 1);
+}
+
+void test_lt(void) {
+    spl_vm_ins_t p[] = {ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_I32, 10), ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_I32, 20),
+                        ins(SPL_SLT, SPL_I32, 0), ins(SPL_RET, SPL_I32, 0)};
+    TEST_CHECK(run(p, 4) == 1);
+}
+
+void test_gt_signed(void) {
+    /* -1 > 1 should be 0 (false) for signed compare */
+    spl_vm_ins_t p[] = {ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_I32, 0xFFFFFFFF), ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_I32, 1),
+                        ins(SPL_SGT, SPL_I32, 0), ins(SPL_RET, SPL_I32, 0)};
+    TEST_CHECK(run(p, 4) == 0);
+}
+
+void test_sle(void) {
+    /* -1 <= 1 -> true (1) for signed */
+    spl_vm_ins_t p[] = {ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_I32, 0xFFFFFFFF), ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_I32, 1),
+                        ins(SPL_SLE, SPL_I32, 0), ins(SPL_RET, SPL_I32, 0)};
+    TEST_CHECK(run(p, 4) == 1);
+}
+
+void test_sge(void) {
+    /* -1 >= 1 -> false (0) for signed */
+    spl_vm_ins_t p[] = {ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_I32, 0xFFFFFFFF), ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_I32, 1),
+                        ins(SPL_SGE, SPL_I32, 0), ins(SPL_RET, SPL_I32, 0)};
+    TEST_CHECK(run(p, 4) == 0);
+}
+
+void test_ult(void) {
+    /* 0xFFFFFFFF < 1 -> false (0) for unsigned */
+    spl_vm_ins_t p[] = {ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_U32, 0xFFFFFFFF), ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_U32, 1),
+                        ins(SPL_ULT, SPL_U32, 0), ins(SPL_RET, SPL_U32, 0)};
+    TEST_CHECK(run(p, 4) == 0);
+}
+
+void test_ule(void) {
+    /* 0xFFFFFFFF <= 0xFFFFFFFF -> true (1) */
+    spl_vm_ins_t p[] = {ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_U32, 0xFFFFFFFF), ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_U32, 0xFFFFFFFF),
+                        ins(SPL_ULE, SPL_U32, 0), ins(SPL_RET, SPL_U32, 0)};
+    TEST_CHECK(run(p, 4) == 1);
+}
+
+void test_ugt(void) {
+    /* 0xFFFFFFFF > 1 -> true (1) for unsigned */
+    spl_vm_ins_t p[] = {ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_U32, 0xFFFFFFFF), ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_U32, 1),
+                        ins(SPL_UGT, SPL_U32, 0), ins(SPL_RET, SPL_U32, 0)};
+    TEST_CHECK(run(p, 4) == 1);
+}
+
+void test_uge(void) {
+    /* 0xFFFFFFFF >= 1 -> true (1) */
+    spl_vm_ins_t p[] = {ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_U32, 0xFFFFFFFF), ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_U32, 1),
+                        ins(SPL_UGE, SPL_U32, 0), ins(SPL_RET, SPL_U32, 0)};
+    TEST_CHECK(run(p, 4) == 1);
+}
+
+/* ================================================================
+ * Control flow tests (relative offset)
+ * ================================================================ */
+
+void test_jmp(void) {
+    /* push 1, jmp +3 (skip next 2 insns), push 2 (skipped), push 3, add, ret -> 4 */
+    /* jmp at ip=1, after fetch ip=2, target ip=3 (push 3) => offset = 1 */
+    spl_vm_ins_t p[] = {ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_I32, 1), ins(SPL_JMP, SPL_VOID, 1),
+                        ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_I32, 2), ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_I32, 3),
+                        ins(SPL_ADD, SPL_I32, 0),  ins(SPL_RET, SPL_I32, 0)};
+    TEST_CHECK(run(p, 6) == 4);
+}
+
+void test_bz_bnz(void) {
+    /* push 0, bz +2 (skip to ret with 1) -> return 1 */
+    spl_vm_ins_t p[] = {ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_I32, 0),  ins(SPL_BZ, SPL_VOID, 2),
+                        ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_I32, 99), ins(SPL_RET, SPL_I32, 0),
+                        ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_I32, 1),  ins(SPL_RET, SPL_I32, 0)};
+    TEST_CHECK(run(p, 6) == 1);
+
+    /* push 1, bnz +2 (skip to ret with 42) -> return 42 */
+    spl_vm_ins_t q[] = {ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_I32, 1),  ins(SPL_BNZ, SPL_VOID, 2),
+                        ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_I32, 99), ins(SPL_RET, SPL_I32, 0),
+                        ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_I32, 42), ins(SPL_RET, SPL_I32, 0)};
+    TEST_CHECK(run(q, 6) == 42);
+}
+
+/* ================================================================
+ * Memory tests (ALLOC, LADDR, LD, ST)
+ * ================================================================ */
+
+void test_alloc_laddr_st64_ld64(void) {
+    /* alloc 1 local, laddr + st64 42, laddr + ld64 back -> 42 */
+    spl_vm_ins_t p[] = {
+        ins(SPL_ALLOC, SPL_VOID, 1), /* 0: alloc 1 local */
+        ins(SPL_LADDR, SPL_VOID, 0), /* 1: addr of local[0] */
+        ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_I64, 42),  /* 2: value */
+        ins(SPL_STORE, SPL_I64, 0),  /* 3: store */
+        ins(SPL_LADDR, SPL_VOID, 0), /* 4: addr of local[0] */
+        ins(SPL_LOAD, SPL_I64, 0),   /* 5: load */
+        ins(SPL_RET, SPL_I64, 0)     /* 6: ret */
+    };
+    TEST_CHECK(run(p, 7) == 42);
+}
+
+void test_alloc_zeroed(void) {
+    /* alloc 1 local, laddr + ld64 -> should be 0 (zero-initialized) */
+    spl_vm_ins_t p[] = {ins(SPL_ALLOC, SPL_VOID, 1), ins(SPL_LADDR, SPL_VOID, 0),
+                        ins(SPL_LOAD, SPL_I64, 0), ins(SPL_RET, SPL_I64, 0)};
+    TEST_CHECK(run(p, 4) == 0);
+}
+
+/* ================================================================
+ * Indirect memory load/store tests (stack-based, no heap)
+ * ================================================================ */
+
+void test_ld_st64(void) {
+    /* alloc 8 slots, st64 42, ld64 back -> 42 */
+    spl_vm_ins_t p[] = {ins(SPL_ALLOC, SPL_VOID, 8), ins(SPL_LADDR, SPL_VOID, 0),
+                        ins(SPL_DUP, SPL_VOID, 0),   ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_I64, 42),
+                        ins(SPL_STORE, SPL_I64, 0),  ins(SPL_LOAD, SPL_I64, 0),
+                        ins(SPL_RET, SPL_I64, 0)};
+    TEST_CHECK(run(p, 7) == 42);
+}
+
+void test_ld_st32(void) {
+    spl_vm_ins_t p[] = {ins(SPL_ALLOC, SPL_VOID, 8), ins(SPL_LADDR, SPL_VOID, 0),
+                        ins(SPL_DUP, SPL_VOID, 0),   ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_I64, 0xAABBCCDD),
+                        ins(SPL_STORE, SPL_U32, 0),  ins(SPL_LOAD, SPL_U32, 0),
+                        ins(SPL_RET, SPL_U32, 0)};
+    TEST_CHECK(run(p, 7) == (int)0xAABBCCDD);
+}
+
+void test_ld_st16(void) {
+    spl_vm_ins_t p[] = {ins(SPL_ALLOC, SPL_VOID, 8), ins(SPL_LADDR, SPL_VOID, 0),
+                        ins(SPL_DUP, SPL_VOID, 0),   ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_I64, 0xBEEF),
+                        ins(SPL_STORE, SPL_U16, 0),  ins(SPL_LOAD, SPL_U16, 0),
+                        ins(SPL_RET, SPL_U16, 0)};
+    TEST_CHECK(run(p, 7) == 0xBEEF);
+}
+
+void test_ld_st8(void) {
+    spl_vm_ins_t p[] = {ins(SPL_ALLOC, SPL_VOID, 8), ins(SPL_LADDR, SPL_VOID, 0),
+                        ins(SPL_DUP, SPL_VOID, 0),   ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_I64, 0xAB),
+                        ins(SPL_STORE, SPL_U8, 0),   ins(SPL_LOAD, SPL_U8, 0),
+                        ins(SPL_RET, SPL_U8, 0)};
+    TEST_CHECK(run(p, 7) == 0xAB);
+}
+
+/* ================================================================
+ * Function call tests (relative offset CALL)
+ * ================================================================ */
+
+void test_call_add(void) {
+    /*
+     * add(a, b)   address 0, 6 insns, 2 args
+     * main()      address 6, 5 insns, 0 args
+     *
+     * add (ip=0):
+     *   laddr 0     ip=0   arg0 addr
+     *   ld64        ip=1   load arg0
+     *   laddr 1     ip=2   arg1 addr
+     *   ld64        ip=3   load arg1
+     *   add i64     ip=4
+     *   ret i64     ip=5
+     *
+     * main (ip=6):
+     *   push 10     ip=6
+     *   push 20     ip=7
+     *   push 0      ip=8   target address = add at 0
+     *   call 2      ip=9   nargs=2
+     *   ret i64     ip=10
+     */
+    spl_vm_ins_t add_insns[] = {ins(SPL_LADDR, SPL_VOID, 0), ins(SPL_LOAD, SPL_I64, 0),
+                                ins(SPL_LADDR, SPL_VOID, 8), ins(SPL_LOAD, SPL_I64, 0),
+                                ins(SPL_ADD, SPL_I64, 0),    ins(SPL_RET, SPL_I64, 0)};
+    spl_vm_ins_t main_insns[] = {ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_I32, 10), ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_I32, 20),
+                                 ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_VOID, 0), ins(SPL_CALL, SPL_VOID, 2),
+                                 ins(SPL_RET, SPL_I64, 0)};
+
+    int nadd = (int)(sizeof(add_insns) / sizeof(add_insns[0]));
+    int nmain = (int)(sizeof(main_insns) / sizeof(main_insns[0]));
+    int ninsns_t = nadd + nmain;
+    size_t nlen0 = strlen("add") + 1;
+    size_t npad0 = ((nlen0 + 7) / 8) * 8 - nlen0;
+    size_t nlen1 = strlen("main") + 1;
+    size_t npad1 = ((nlen1 + 7) / 8) * 8 - nlen1;
+    size_t sz = 8 + 8 + 8 + 8 + 8 + 8               /* magic + 5 counts */
+                + 8 + nlen0 + npad0 + 8 + 8 + 8 + 8 /* func 0 */
+                + 8 + nlen1 + npad1 + 8 + 8 + 8 + 8 /* func 1 */
+                + (size_t)ninsns_t * 12;
+    unsigned char *bin = (unsigned char *)malloc(sz);
+    unsigned char *p = bin;
+
+    memcpy(p, "SPLBIN\0\0", 8);
+    p += 8;
+    LE64(p, 2);
+    LE64(p, (spl_vm_val_t)ninsns_t);
+    LE64(p, 0);
+    LE64(p, 0);
+    LE64(p, 0);
+
+    /* func[0]: "add" */
+    LE64(p, (spl_vm_val_t)nlen0);
+    memcpy(p, "add", nlen0);
+    p += nlen0;
+    memset(p, 0, npad0);
+    p += npad0;
+    LE64(p, 0);
+    LE64(p, 2);
+    LE64(p, (spl_vm_val_t)nadd);
+    LE64(p, 0);
+
+    /* func[1]: "main" */
+    LE64(p, (spl_vm_val_t)nlen1);
+    memcpy(p, "main", nlen1);
+    p += nlen1;
+    memset(p, 0, npad1);
+    p += npad1;
+    LE64(p, 0);
+    LE64(p, 0);
+    LE64(p, (spl_vm_val_t)nmain);
+    LE64(p, (spl_vm_val_t)nadd); /* address */
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < nadd; i++) {
+        *p++ = (unsigned char)(add_insns[i].opcode);
+        *p++ = (unsigned char)(add_insns[i].opcode >> 8);
+        *p++ = (unsigned char)(add_insns[i].type);
+        *p++ = (unsigned char)(add_insns[i].type >> 8);
+        LE64(p, add_insns[i].imm);
+    }
+    for (int i = 0; i < nmain; i++) {
+        *p++ = (unsigned char)(main_insns[i].opcode);
+        *p++ = (unsigned char)(main_insns[i].opcode >> 8);
+        *p++ = (unsigned char)(main_insns[i].type);
+        *p++ = (unsigned char)(main_insns[i].type >> 8);
+        LE64(p, main_insns[i].imm);
+    }
+
+    spl_prog_t prog;
+    spl_vm_t vm;
+    int rc = -1;
+
+    spl_vm_init(&vm);
+    if (write_temp(bin, sz) == 0 && spl_prog_load_from_file(TMPFILE, &prog) == 0) {
+        spl_vm_load_prog(&vm, &prog);
+        if (spl_vm_prepare(&vm, "main", 0, NULL, NULL) == 0) {
+            int ret = spl_vm_run_until(&vm, 0);
+            if (ret == 1)
+                rc = (int)vm.exit_code;
+        }
+        spl_vm_drop(&vm);
+    }
+    remove(TMPFILE);
+    free(bin);
+    TEST_CHECK(rc == 30);
+}
+
+/* ================================================================
+ * CALLI test
+ * ================================================================ */
+
+void test_calli(void) {
+    /*
+     * add (ip=0, 2 args):
+     *   laddr 0     ip=0
+     *   ld64        ip=1
+     *   laddr 1     ip=2
+     *   ld64        ip=3
+     *   add i64     ip=4
+     *   ret i64     ip=5
+     *
+     * main (ip=6, 0 args):
+     *   push 10     ip=6
+     *   push 20     ip=7
+     *   push 2      ip=8  (nargs)
+     *   push 0      ip=9  (address of add)
+     *   calli       ip=10
+     *   ret i64     ip=11
+     */
+    spl_vm_ins_t add_insns[] = {ins(SPL_LADDR, SPL_VOID, 0), ins(SPL_LOAD, SPL_I64, 0),
+                                ins(SPL_LADDR, SPL_VOID, 8), ins(SPL_LOAD, SPL_I64, 0),
+                                ins(SPL_ADD, SPL_I64, 0),    ins(SPL_RET, SPL_I64, 0)};
+    spl_vm_ins_t main_insns[] = {ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_I32, 10),  ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_I32, 20),
+                                 ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_VOID, 2),  ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_VOID, 0),
+                                 ins(SPL_CALLI, SPL_VOID, 0), ins(SPL_RET, SPL_I64, 0)};
+
+    int ninsns_t = 6 + 6;
+    size_t nlen0 = strlen("add") + 1;
+    size_t npad0 = ((nlen0 + 7) / 8) * 8 - nlen0;
+    size_t nlen1 = strlen("main") + 1;
+    size_t npad1 = ((nlen1 + 7) / 8) * 8 - nlen1;
+    size_t sz = 8 + 8 + 8 + 8 + 8 + 8 + 8 + nlen0 + npad0 + 8 + 8 + 8 + 8 + 8 + nlen1 + npad1 + 8 +
+                8 + 8 + 8 + (size_t)ninsns_t * 12;
+    unsigned char *bin = (unsigned char *)malloc(sz);
+    unsigned char *p = bin;
+
+    memcpy(p, "SPLBIN\0\0", 8);
+    p += 8;
+    LE64(p, 2);
+    LE64(p, (spl_vm_val_t)ninsns_t);
+    LE64(p, 0);
+    LE64(p, 0);
+    LE64(p, 0);
+
+    /* func[0]: add */
+    LE64(p, (spl_vm_val_t)nlen0);
+    memcpy(p, "add", nlen0);
+    p += nlen0;
+    memset(p, 0, npad0);
+    p += npad0;
+    LE64(p, 0);
+    LE64(p, 2);
+    LE64(p, 6);
+    LE64(p, 0);
+
+    /* func[1]: main */
+    LE64(p, (spl_vm_val_t)nlen1);
+    memcpy(p, "main", nlen1);
+    p += nlen1;
+    memset(p, 0, npad1);
+    p += npad1;
+    LE64(p, 0);
+    LE64(p, 0);
+    LE64(p, 6);
+    LE64(p, 6);
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
+        *p++ = (unsigned char)(add_insns[i].opcode);
+        *p++ = (unsigned char)(add_insns[i].opcode >> 8);
+        *p++ = (unsigned char)(add_insns[i].type);
+        *p++ = (unsigned char)(add_insns[i].type >> 8);
+        LE64(p, add_insns[i].imm);
+    }
+    for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
+        *p++ = (unsigned char)(main_insns[i].opcode);
+        *p++ = (unsigned char)(main_insns[i].opcode >> 8);
+        *p++ = (unsigned char)(main_insns[i].type);
+        *p++ = (unsigned char)(main_insns[i].type >> 8);
+        LE64(p, main_insns[i].imm);
+    }
+
+    spl_prog_t prog;
+    spl_vm_t vm;
+    int rc = -1;
+
+    spl_vm_init(&vm);
+    if (write_temp(bin, sz) == 0 && spl_prog_load_from_file(TMPFILE, &prog) == 0) {
+        spl_vm_load_prog(&vm, &prog);
+        if (spl_vm_prepare(&vm, "main", 0, NULL, NULL) == 0) {
+            int ret = spl_vm_run_until(&vm, 0);
+            if (ret == 1)
+                rc = (int)vm.exit_code;
+        }
+        spl_vm_drop(&vm);
+    }
+    remove(TMPFILE);
+    free(bin);
+    TEST_CHECK(rc == 30);
+}
+
+/* ================================================================
+ * Global data (GADDR) test
+ * ================================================================ */
+
+void test_gaddr_ld32(void) {
+    /* Load program, add global data, GADDR + LD32 to read it back */
+    spl_vm_ins_t p[] = {ins(SPL_GADDR, SPL_VOID, 0), ins(SPL_LOAD, SPL_U32, 0),
+                        ins(SPL_RET, SPL_U32, 0)};
+    size_t len;
+    unsigned char *bin = build_binary("main", 0, p, 3, &len);
+    spl_prog_t prog;
+    spl_vm_t vm;
+    int rc = -1;
+
+    spl_vm_init(&vm);
+    if (write_temp(bin, len) == 0 && spl_prog_load_from_file(TMPFILE, &prog) == 0) {
+        uint32_t val = 0xDEADBEEF;
+        spl_prog_add_data(&prog, &val, sizeof(val));
+
+        spl_vm_load_prog(&vm, &prog);
+        if (spl_vm_prepare(&vm, "main", 0, NULL, NULL) == 0) {
+            int ret = spl_vm_run_until(&vm, 0);
+            if (ret == 1)
+                rc = (int)vm.exit_code;
+        }
+        spl_vm_drop(&vm);
+    }
+    remove(TMPFILE);
+    free(bin);
+    TEST_CHECK(rc == (int)0xDEADBEEF);
+}
+
+void test_gaddr_multi(void) {
+    /* Two global data entries: read second one via GADDR 1 */
+    spl_vm_ins_t p[] = {ins(SPL_GADDR, SPL_VOID, 1), ins(SPL_LOAD, SPL_U32, 0),
+                        ins(SPL_RET, SPL_U32, 0)};
+    size_t len;
+    unsigned char *bin = build_binary("main", 0, p, 3, &len);
+    spl_prog_t prog;
+    spl_vm_t vm;
+    int rc = -1;
+
+    spl_vm_init(&vm);
+    if (write_temp(bin, len) == 0 && spl_prog_load_from_file(TMPFILE, &prog) == 0) {
+        uint32_t a = 0xAAAAAAAA, b = 0xBBBBBBBB;
+        spl_prog_add_data(&prog, &a, sizeof(a));
+        spl_prog_add_data(&prog, &b, sizeof(b));
+
+        spl_vm_load_prog(&vm, &prog);
+        if (spl_vm_prepare(&vm, "main", 0, NULL, NULL) == 0) {
+            int ret = spl_vm_run_until(&vm, 0);
+            if (ret == 1)
+                rc = (int)vm.exit_code;
+        }
+        spl_vm_drop(&vm);
+    }
+    remove(TMPFILE);
+    free(bin);
+    TEST_CHECK(rc == (int)0xBBBBBBBB);
+}
+
+/* ================================================================
+ * Native call test
+ * ================================================================ */
+
+void test_ncall(void) {
+    /* main() -> i32 { return native_add(30, 12); } */
+    /* NCALL imm = nargs, native index is pushed separately */
+    spl_vm_ins_t p[] = {ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_I32, 30), ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_I32, 12),
+                        ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_VOID, 0), ins(SPL_NCALL, SPL_I32, 2),
+                        ins(SPL_RET, SPL_I32, 0)};
+    spl_vm_native_t nat[] = {{"native_add", 0, native_add_impl}};
+    TEST_CHECK(run_with_natives(p, 5, nat, 1) == 42);
+}
+
+/* ================================================================
+ * Type conversion tests
+ * ================================================================ */
+
+void test_trunc(void) {
+    /* push 0xABCD, trunc to 8 bits -> 0xCD */
+    spl_vm_ins_t p[] = {ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_U32, 0xABCD), ins(SPL_TRUNC, SPL_U8, 8),
+                        ins(SPL_RET, SPL_U8, 0)};
+    TEST_CHECK(run(p, 3) == 0xCD);
+}
+
+void test_sext(void) {
+    /* push 0x80, sext from 8 bits -> 0xFFFFFF80 */
+    spl_vm_ins_t p[] = {ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_I32, 0x80), ins(SPL_SEXT, SPL_I32, 8),
+                        ins(SPL_RET, SPL_I32, 0)};
+    TEST_CHECK(run(p, 3) == (int)(int8_t)(0x80));
+}
+
+void test_zext(void) {
+    /* push 0xFFFF, zext from 8 bits -> 0xFF */
+    spl_vm_ins_t p[] = {ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_U32, 0xFFFF), ins(SPL_ZEXT, SPL_U32, 8),
+                        ins(SPL_RET, SPL_U32, 0)};
+    TEST_CHECK(run(p, 3) == 0xFF);
+}
+
+/* ================================================================
+ * Extended arithmetic tests (unsigned div/rem)
+ * ================================================================ */
+
+void test_div_u(void) {
+    /* unsigned: 100 / 3 = 33 */
+    spl_vm_ins_t p[] = {ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_U32, 100), ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_U32, 3),
+                        ins(SPL_DIV_U, SPL_U32, 0), ins(SPL_RET, SPL_U32, 0)};
+    TEST_CHECK(run(p, 4) == 33);
+}
+
+void test_rem_u(void) {
+    /* unsigned: 100 % 3 = 1 */
+    spl_vm_ins_t p[] = {ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_U32, 100), ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_U32, 3),
+                        ins(SPL_REM_U, SPL_U32, 0), ins(SPL_RET, SPL_U32, 0)};
+    TEST_CHECK(run(p, 4) == 1);
+}
+
+/* ================================================================
+ * Edge case tests
+ * ================================================================ */
+
+void test_many_ops(void) {
+    /* (1+2) * (3+4) = 21 */
+    spl_vm_ins_t p[] = {ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_I32, 1), ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_I32, 2),
+                        ins(SPL_ADD, SPL_I32, 0),  ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_I32, 3),
+                        ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_I32, 4), ins(SPL_ADD, SPL_I32, 0),
+                        ins(SPL_MUL, SPL_I32, 0),  ins(SPL_RET, SPL_I32, 0)};
+    TEST_CHECK(run(p, 8) == 21);
+}
+
+void test_halt(void) {
+    /* push 77, halt -> exit code 0 (HALT doesn't pop) */
+    spl_vm_ins_t p[] = {ins(SPL_PUSH, SPL_I32, 77), ins(SPL_HALT, SPL_VOID, 0)};
+    TEST_CHECK(run(p, 2) == 0);
+}
+
+/* ================================================================
+ * Bad program tests
+ * ================================================================ */
+
+void test_bad_magic(void) {
+    unsigned char bad[8] = {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0};
+    spl_prog_t prog;
+    if (write_temp(bad, 8) == 0) {
+        TEST_CHECK(spl_prog_load_from_file(TMPFILE, &prog) != 0);
+        remove(TMPFILE);
+    }
+}
+
+void test_empty(void) {
+    TEST_CHECK(spl_prog_load_from_file("nonexistent_file_xyz.bin", NULL) != 0);
+}
+
+/* ================================================================
+ * Test list
+ * ================================================================ */
+
+TEST_LIST = {
+    {"push", test_push_imm},
+    {"dup", test_dup},
+    {"drop", test_drop},
+    {"swap", test_swap},
+    {"pick", test_pick},
+    {"add", test_add},
+    {"sub", test_sub},
+    {"mul", test_mul},
+    {"div", test_div},
+    {"rem", test_rem},
+    {"neg", test_neg},
+    {"i64_arith", test_i64_arith},
+    {"and", test_and},
+    {"or", test_or},
+    {"xor", test_xor},
+    {"not", test_not},
+    {"shl", test_shl},
+    {"shr", test_shr},
+    {"shr_s", test_shr_s},
+    {"eq", test_eq},
+    {"neq", test_neq},
+    {"lt", test_lt},
+    {"gt_signed", test_gt_signed},
+    {"sle", test_sle},
+    {"sge", test_sge},
+    {"ult", test_ult},
+    {"ule", test_ule},
+    {"ugt", test_ugt},
+    {"uge", test_uge},
+    {"jmp", test_jmp},
+    {"bz_bnz", test_bz_bnz},
+    {"alloc_laddr_ld_st", test_alloc_laddr_st64_ld64},
+    {"alloc_zeroed", test_alloc_zeroed},
+    {"call_add", test_call_add},
+    {"calli", test_calli},
+    {"gaddr_ld32", test_gaddr_ld32},
+    {"gaddr_multi", test_gaddr_multi},
+    {"ncall", test_ncall},
+    {"div_u", test_div_u},
+    {"rem_u", test_rem_u},
+    {"trunc", test_trunc},
+    {"sext", test_sext},
+    {"zext", test_zext},
+    {"ld_st8", test_ld_st8},
+    {"ld_st16", test_ld_st16},
+    {"ld_st32", test_ld_st32},
+    {"ld_st64", test_ld_st64},
+    {"many_ops", test_many_ops},
+    {"halt", test_halt},
+    {"bad_magic", test_bad_magic},
+    {"empty", test_empty},
+    {NULL, NULL},
+};

stage1/spl_ast.h

@@ -0,0 +1,321 @@
+#ifndef __SPL_AST_H__
+#define __SPL_AST_H__
+
+#include "../stage0/include/utils.h"
+#include "spl_dbg.h"
+#include "spl_lexer.h"
+#include "spl_tok.h"
+
+/* clang-format off */
+#define SPL_AST_KIND_TABLE            \
+    X(SPL_AST_NONE,                 V0, none) \
+    X(SPL_AST_CONTAINER_ITEM,       V0, container_item) \
+    X(SPL_AST_FN_DECL,              V0, fn_decl) \
+    X(SPL_AST_FN_DEFINE,            V0, fn_define) \
+    X(SPL_AST_TYPE_DECL,            V0, type_decl) \
+    X(SPL_AST_VAR_DECL,             V0, var_decl) \
+    X(SPL_AST_CONST_DECL,           V0, const_decl) \
+    X(SPL_AST_MEMBER_DECL,          V0, member_decl) \
+    X(SPL_AST__COMPTIME_STMT,       V0, comptime_stmt) \
+    X(SPL_AST__DIRECTIVE_BLOCK,     V0, directive_block) \
+    X(SPL_AST_PARAM_DECL,           V0, param_decl) \
+    X(SPL_AST_ATTR_ITEM,            V0, attr_item) \
+    X(SPL_AST_ARGG_INIT_ITEM,       V0, argg_init_item) \
+    X(SPL_AST_IF_STATEMENT,         V0, if_statement) \
+    X(SPL_AST_IFVAR_STATEMENT,      V0, ifvar_statement) \
+    X(SPL_AST_WHILE_STATEMENT,      V0, while_statement) \
+    X(SPL_AST_LOOP_STATEMENT,       V0, loop_statement) \
+    X(SPL_AST_FOR_STATEMENT,        V0, for_statement) \
+    X(SPL_AST_MATCH_STATEMENT,      V0, match_statement) \
+    X(SPL_AST_RET_STATEMENT,        V0, ret_statement) \
+    X(SPL_AST_BREAK_STATEMENT,      V0, break_statement) \
+    X(SPL_AST_CONTINUE_STATEMENT,   V0, continue_statement) \
+    X(SPL_AST_DEFER_STATEMENT,      V0, defer_statement) \
+    X(SPL_AST_TRY_STATEMENT,        V0, try_statement) \
+    X(SPL_AST_CATCH_STATEMENT,      V0, catch_statement) \
+    X(SPL_AST_ERRDEFER_STATEMEMT,   V0, errdefer_statement) \
+    X(SPL_AST_EXPR_STATEMENT,       V0, expr_statement) \
+    X(SPL_AST_PACKED_EXPR,          V0, packed_expr) \
+    X(SPL_AST_ASSIGN_EXPR,          V0, assign_expr) \
+    X(SPL_AST_ASSIGN_ADD_EXPR,      V0, assign_add_expr) \
+    X(SPL_AST_ASSIGN_SUB_EXPR,      V0, assign_sub_expr) \
+    X(SPL_AST_ASSIGN_MUL_EXPR,      V0, assign_mul_expr) \
+    X(SPL_AST_ASSIGN_DIV_EXPR,      V0, assign_div_expr) \
+    X(SPL_AST_ASSIGN_MOD_EXPR,      V0, assign_mod_expr) \
+    X(SPL_AST_ASSIGN_AND_EXPR,      V0, assign_and_expr) \
+    X(SPL_AST_ASSIGN_OR_EXPR,       V0, assign_or_expr) \
+    X(SPL_AST_ASSIGN_XOR_EXPR,      V0, assign_xor_expr) \
+    X(SPL_AST_ASSIGN_LSHIFT_EXPR,   V0, assign_lshift_expr) \
+    X(SPL_AST_ASSIGN_USHIFT_EXPR,   V0, assign_ushift_expr) \
+    X(SPL_AST_BOOL_OR_EXPR,         V0, bool_or_expr) \
+    X(SPL_AST_BOOL_AND_EXPR,        V0, bool_and_expr) \
+    X(SPL_AST_BIT_OR_EXPR,          V0, bit_or_expr) \
+    X(SPL_AST_BIT_XOR_EXPR,         V0, bit_xor_expr) \
+    X(SPL_AST_BIT_AND_EXPR,         V0, bit_and_expr) \
+    X(SPL_AST_CMP_EQ_EXPR,          V0, cmp_eq_expr) \
+    X(SPL_AST_CMP_NE_EXPR,          V0, cmp_ne_expr) \
+    X(SPL_AST_CMP_LE_EXPR,          V0, cmp_le_expr) \
+    X(SPL_AST_CMP_GE_EXPR,          V0, cmp_ge_expr) \
+    X(SPL_AST_CMP_LT_EXPR,          V0, cmp_lt_expr) \
+    X(SPL_AST_CMP_GT_EXPR,          V0, cmp_gt_expr) \
+    X(SPL_AST_RANGE_EXPR,           V0, range_expr) \
+    X(SPL_AST_LSHIFT_EXPR,          V0, lshift_expr) \
+    X(SPL_AST_RSHIFT_EXPR,          V0, rshift_expr) \
+    X(SPL_AST_ADD_EXPR,             V0, add_expr) \
+    X(SPL_AST_SUB_EXPR,             V0, sub_expr) \
+    X(SPL_AST_MUL_EXPR,             V0, mul_expr) \
+    X(SPL_AST_DIV_EXPR,             V0, div_expr) \
+    X(SPL_AST_MOD_EXPR,             V0, mod_expr) \
+    X(SPL_AST_MINUS_EXPR,           V0, minus_expr) \
+    X(SPL_AST_NOT_EXPR,             V0, not_expr) \
+    X(SPL_AST_BIT_NOT_EXPR,         V0, bit_not_expr) \
+    X(SPL_AST_ADDRESS_EXPR,         V0, address_expr) \
+    X(SPL_AST_CALL_EXPR,            V0, call_expr) \
+    X(SPL_AST_FIELD_EXPR,           V0, field_expr) \
+    X(SPL_AST_DEREF_EXPR,           V0, deref_expr) \
+    X(SPL_AST_INDEX_EXPR,           V0, index_expr) \
+    X(SPL_AST_SLICE_EXPR,           V0, slice_expr) \
+    X(SPL_AST_AS_EXPR,              V0, as_expr) \
+    X(SPL_AST_EXPR_INTEGER_LIT,     V0, integer_lit) \
+    X(SPL_AST_EXPR_FLOAT_LIT,       V0, float_lit) \
+    X(SPL_AST_EXPR_CHAR_LIT,        V0, char_lit) \
+    X(SPL_AST_EXPR_STRING_LIT,      V0, string_lit) \
+    X(SPL_AST_EXPR_TRUE,            V0, true_lit) \
+    X(SPL_AST_EXPR_FALSE,           V0, false_lit) \
+    X(SPL_AST_EXPR_NULL,            V0, null_lit) \
+    X(SPL_AST_EXPR_UNDEFINED,       V0, undefined_lit) \
+    X(SPL_AST_EXPR_IDENT,           V0, ident_expr) \
+    X(SPL_AST_ARGGREGATE_INIT,      V0, aggregate_init) \
+    X(SPL_AST_EXPR_EXPR,            V0, expr_expr) \
+    X(SPL_AST_ARRAY_LIT,            V0, array_lit) \
+    X(SPL_AST_BUILTIN_EXPR,         V0, builtin_expr) \
+    X(SPL_AST_BLOCK_EXPR,           V0, block_expr) \
+    X(SPL_AST_BASE_TYPE_FN,         V0, base_type_fn) \
+    X(SPL_AST_BASE_TYPE_PATH,       V0, base_type_path) \
+    X(SPL_AST_TYPE_POINTER,         V0, type_pointer) \
+    X(SPL_AST_TYPE_ARRAY,           V0, type_array) \
+    X(SPL_AST_TYPE_SLICE,           V0, type_slice) \
+    X(SPL_AST_TYPE_STRUCT,          V0, type_struct) \
+    X(SPL_AST_TYPE_UNION,           V0, type_union) \
+    X(SPL_AST_TYPE_ENUM,            V0, type_enum) \
+    X(SPL_AST_TYPE_VOID,            V0, type_void) \
+    X(SPL_AST_TYPE_BOOL,            V0, type_bool) \
+    X(SPL_AST_TYPE_OPAQUE,          V0, type_opaque) \
+    X(SPL_AST_TYPE_I8,              V0, type_i8) \
+    X(SPL_AST_TYPE_U8,              V0, type_u8) \
+    X(SPL_AST_TYPE_I16,             V0, type_i16) \
+    X(SPL_AST_TYPE_U16,             V0, type_u16) \
+    X(SPL_AST_TYPE_I32,             V0, type_i32) \
+    X(SPL_AST_TYPE_U32,             V0, type_u32) \
+    X(SPL_AST_TYPE_I64,             V0, type_i64) \
+    X(SPL_AST_TYPE_U64,             V0, type_u64) \
+    X(SPL_AST_TYPE_ISIZE,           V0, type_isize) \
+    X(SPL_AST_TYPE_USIZE,           V0, type_usize) \
+    X(SPL_AST_TYPE__F32,            V0, type_f32) \
+    X(SPL_AST_TYPE__F64,            V0, type_f64) \
+    X(SPL_AST_TYPE_ANY,             V0, type_any) \
+    X(SPL_AST_TYPE_IDENT,           V0, type_ident) \
+
+/* clang-format on*/
+
+typedef enum {
+#ifdef X
+#undef X
+#endif
+    #define X(name, ...) name,
+    SPL_AST_KIND_TABLE
+#undef X
+    SPL_AST_COUNT,
+} spl_ast_node_kind_t;
+
+const char *spl_ast_kind_name(spl_ast_node_kind_t kind);
+
+struct spl_ast_node;
+typedef struct spl_ast_node spl_ast_node_t;
+typedef usize spl_ast_node_ref_t;
+typedef VEC(spl_ast_node_ref_t) spl_ast_node_ref_vec_t;
+struct spl_ast_node {
+    spl_ast_node_kind_t kind;
+    spl_dbg_node_t dbg;
+
+    usize resolved_def_id;
+    union {
+        struct {
+            spl_ast_node_ref_vec_t attr_list; /* attr_item */
+            spl_ast_node_ref_vec_t members;   /* container_decl 列表 */
+        } container_item;
+
+        struct {
+            const char *ident;
+            spl_ast_node_ref_vec_t expr_list;
+        } attr_item;
+
+        struct {
+            spl_ast_node_ref_vec_t attr_list; /* attr_item */
+            const char *name;
+            spl_ast_node_ref_vec_t param_list; /* param_decl */
+            spl_ast_node_ref_t type_expr;
+            spl_ast_node_ref_vec_t block; /* 语句/尾表达式 */
+        } fn_decl;
+        struct {
+            spl_ast_node_ref_vec_t attr_list; /* attr_item */
+            const char *name;
+            spl_ast_node_ref_t type_expr;
+        } param_decl;
+
+        struct {
+            const char *name;
+            spl_ast_node_ref_t type_expr;
+        } type_decl;
+        struct {
+            spl_ast_node_ref_vec_t attr_list; /* attr_item */
+            const char *name;
+            spl_ast_node_ref_t type_expr;
+        } member_decl;
+
+        struct {
+            spl_ast_node_ref_vec_t attr_list; /* attr_item */
+            const char *name;
+            spl_ast_node_ref_t type_expr;
+            spl_ast_node_ref_t expr;
+        } var_const_decl;
+
+        /* 语句数据：kind 决定解释哪个成员 */
+        struct {
+            spl_ast_node_ref_t expr;
+            spl_ast_node_ref_vec_t if_block;   /* 语句 */
+            spl_ast_node_ref_vec_t else_block; /* 语句 */
+        } if_statement;
+        struct {
+            spl_ast_node_ref_t packed_expr;
+            spl_ast_node_ref_vec_t if_block;   /* 语句 */
+            spl_ast_node_ref_vec_t else_block; /* 语句 */
+        } ifvar_statement;
+        struct {
+            spl_ast_node_ref_t expr;
+            spl_ast_node_ref_vec_t while_block; /* 语句 */
+        } while_statement;
+        struct {
+            spl_ast_node_ref_vec_t loop_block; /* 语句 */
+        } loop_statement;
+        struct {
+            spl_ast_node_ref_vec_t expr_vec;
+            VEC(char *) ident_vec;
+            spl_ast_node_ref_vec_t block; /* 语句 */
+        } for_statement;
+        struct {
+            spl_ast_node_ref_t expr;
+            spl_ast_node_ref_vec_t paced_exprs; /* packed_expr */
+            spl_ast_node_ref_vec_t match_block; /* 语句 */
+        } match_statement;
+        struct {
+            spl_ast_node_ref_t expr;
+        } ret_statement;
+        struct {
+        } break_statement;
+        struct {
+        } continue_statement;
+        struct {
+            spl_ast_node_ref_vec_t block_or_statement; /* 语句 */
+        } defer_statement;
+
+        struct {
+            const char *ident;
+            const char *bind_ident;
+            spl_ast_node_ref_t expr;
+        } packed_expr;
+        struct {
+            spl_ast_node_ref_t left;
+            spl_ast_node_ref_t right;
+        } op_expr;
+        struct {
+            spl_ast_node_ref_t postfix_expr;
+        } prefix_expr;
+        struct {
+            spl_ast_node_ref_t primary_expr;
+            union {
+                spl_ast_node_ref_vec_t call_expr;
+                const char *field_expr; /* field/method */
+                spl_ast_node_ref_t index_expr;
+                struct {
+                    spl_ast_node_ref_t begin;
+                    spl_ast_node_ref_t end;
+                } slice_expr;
+                spl_ast_node_ref_t type_expr;
+            };
+        } postfix_expr;
+
+        struct {
+            isize integer_expr;
+            double float_expr;
+            char char_lit_expr;
+            const char *string_lit_expr; /* parsed c string */
+            const char *ident;
+
+            struct {
+                const char *name;
+                spl_ast_node_ref_vec_t expr; /* aggregate_init_item */
+            } aggregate_init;
+
+            spl_ast_node_ref_t expr;
+            struct {
+                isize integer;
+                spl_ast_node_ref_t type_expr;
+                spl_ast_node_ref_vec_t expr_list;
+            } array_lit_expr;
+            struct {
+                const char *ident;
+                spl_ast_node_ref_vec_t expr_list;
+            } builtin_expr;
+            spl_ast_node_ref_vec_t block_expr; /* 语句 */
+        } primary_expr;
+
+        struct {
+            const char *ident;
+            spl_ast_node_ref_t expr;
+        } aggregate_init_item;
+
+        struct {
+            spl_ast_node_ref_vec_t attr_list; /* attr_item */
+            union {
+                struct {
+                    VEC(const char *) ident_vec;
+                } type_path;
+                struct {
+                    spl_ast_node_ref_t element;
+                    spl_ast_node_ref_t size;
+                } array_type;
+                struct {
+                    spl_ast_node_ref_t element;
+                } slice_type;
+                struct {
+                    spl_ast_node_ref_t pointee;
+                } pointer_type;
+                struct {
+                    spl_ast_node_ref_vec_t param_list; /* param_decl */
+                    spl_ast_node_ref_t type_expr;
+                } fn_type;
+                spl_ast_node_ref_vec_t aggregate_list; /* container_decl */
+            };
+        } type_expr;
+    };
+};
+
+typedef VEC(spl_ast_node_t) spl_ast_node_vec_t;
+typedef VEC(char*)spl_ast_cstr_ref_vec_t;
+typedef struct {
+    int parsed;
+    spl_tok_vec_t input;
+    spl_ast_node_vec_t node_buckets;
+    spl_ast_cstr_ref_vec_t str_buckets;
+    spl_ast_node_ref_t root;
+} spl_ast_t;
+
+void spl_ast_init(spl_ast_t *ast, const spl_tok_vec_t *tok_vec /*move*/);
+void spl_ast_drop(spl_ast_t *ast);
+
+void spl_ast_prase(spl_ast_t *ast);
+void spl_ast_valid(spl_ast_t *ast);
+void spl_ast_dump(spl_ast_t *ast, spl_ast_node_ref_t node);
+
+#endif /* __SPL_AST_H__ */

stage1/spl_ast2ir.h

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+#ifndef __SPL_AST2IR_H__
+#define __SPL_AST2IR_H__
+
+#include "spl_ir.h"
+#include "spl_sema.h"
+
+/* 全局 var/const 的 def → gdata 向量中的 value 节点索引 */
+typedef struct {
+    spl_def_id_t def_id;
+    usize gdata_idx;
+} spl_ast2ir_gref_t;
+
+typedef struct {
+    const spl_sema_t *sema;
+    spl_ir_t ir;
+    VEC(char *) owned_names;          /* 本模块 malloc 的函数名，drop 时释放 */
+    VEC(spl_ast2ir_gref_t) gdata_ref; /* def_id → gdata value 节点索引 */
+    int err_count;
+} spl_ast2ir_t;
+
+void spl_ast2ir_init(spl_ast2ir_t *ast2ir, const spl_sema_t *sema);
+void spl_ast2ir_drop(spl_ast2ir_t *ast2ir);
+
+void spl_ast2ir_run(spl_ast2ir_t *ast2ir);
+
+#endif /* __SPL_AST2IR_H__ */

stage1/spl_dbg.h

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+#ifndef __SPL_DBG_H__
+#define __SPL_DBG_H__
+
+#include "spl_tok.h"
+
+typedef struct {
+    const char *fname;
+    int line;
+    int col;
+
+    const char *dbg_name;
+    // TODO
+} spl_dbg_node_t;
+
+#define SPL_FATAL(tok, fmt, ...)                                                                   \
+    LOG_FATAL("fatal at %s:%zd:%zd " fmt, ((tok) && (tok)->fname ? (tok)->fname : "<null>"),       \
+              ((tok) ? (tok)->line : 0), ((tok) ? (tok)->col : 0), ##__VA_ARGS__)
+
+#endif /* __SPL_DBG_H__ */

stage1/spl_dumptree.c

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+/* spl_dumptree.c 可配置的树形打印模块（只用基本 ASCII）*/
+
+#include "spl_dumptree.h"
+#include <stdarg.h>
+
+const spl_dumptree_style_t spl_dumptree_ascii_style = {
+    "| ",
+    "|-",
+    "`-",
+    "  ",
+};
+
+void spl_dumptree_print(const spl_dumptree_style_t *st, const char *prefix, int is_last,
+                        const char *fmt, ...) {
+    va_list ap;
+    printf("%s%s ", prefix, is_last ? st->last_branch : st->branch);
+    va_start(ap, fmt);
+    vprintf(fmt, ap);
+    va_end(ap);
+    printf("\n");
+}
+
+void spl_dumptree_child_prefix(const spl_dumptree_style_t *st, const char *prefix, int is_last,
+                               char *out, size_t cap) {
+    snprintf(out, cap, "%s%s", prefix, is_last ? st->space : st->vertical);
+}

stage1/spl_dumptree.h

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+/* spl_dumptree.h 可配置的树形打印模块（只用基本 ASCII）*/
+
+#ifndef __SPL_DUMPTREE_H__
+#define __SPL_DUMPTREE_H__
+
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+/* 可配置的缩进字符串 */
+typedef struct {
+    const char *vertical;    /* "| "  */
+    const char *branch;      /* "|-"  */
+    const char *last_branch; /* "`-"  */
+    const char *space;       /* "  "  */
+} spl_dumptree_style_t;
+
+/* 默认 ASCII 风格 */
+extern const spl_dumptree_style_t spl_dumptree_ascii_style;
+
+/* 打印一行节点标签：prefix + 分支符 + label
+ * prefix  已累积的缩进骨架（不含分支符）
+ * is_last 本节点是否为同级最后一个子节点
+ * fmt     printf 风格 label */
+void spl_dumptree_print(const spl_dumptree_style_t *st, const char *prefix, int is_last,
+                        const char *fmt, ...);
+
+/* 生成子节点的缩进骨架：parent_prefix + (parent_is_last ? space : vertical) */
+void spl_dumptree_child_prefix(const spl_dumptree_style_t *st, const char *prefix, int is_last,
+                               char *out, size_t cap);
+
+#endif /* __SPL_DUMPTREE_H__ */

stage1/spl_emit.h

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+#ifndef __SPL_EMIT_H__
+#define __SPL_EMIT_H__
+
+#endif /* __SPL_EMIT_H__ */

stage1/spl_ir.c

@@ -0,0 +1,519 @@
+/* spl_ir.c — function-based SIR IR (arena 容器 + 文本 dump) */
+
+#include "spl_ir.h"
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+/* ---- 内置函数名字表（与 spl_ir_kind_t 枚举一一对应） ---- */
+static const char *const ir_kind_names[] = {
+#define X(a, b, c) #a,
+    SPL_IR_FN_TABLE
+#undef X
+};
+
+void spl_ir_init(spl_ir_t *ir) {
+    memset(ir, 0, sizeof *ir);
+    vec_init(ir->funcs);
+    vec_init(ir->gdata);
+    /* func ref 0 保留为 error，占位 */
+    spl_ir_func_t f0;
+    memset(&f0, 0, sizeof f0);
+    vec_push(ir->funcs, f0);
+}
+
+static void node_drop_vecs(spl_ir_node_t *n) {
+    if (!n)
+        return;
+    switch (n->kind) {
+    case SPL_IR_AGG_CONSTRUCT:
+        vec_free(n->agg_construct.fields);
+        break;
+    case SPL_IR_CONTROL_CALL:
+        vec_free(n->control_call.params);
+        break;
+    default:
+        break;
+    }
+}
+
+void spl_ir_drop(spl_ir_t *ir) {
+    for (usize i = 0; i < ir->funcs.size; i++) {
+        spl_ir_func_t *f = &ir->funcs.data[i];
+        for (usize j = 0; j < f->nodes.size; j++)
+            node_drop_vecs(&f->nodes.data[j]);
+        vec_free(f->nodes);
+        vec_free(f->labels);
+        vec_free(f->dbg_vars);
+    }
+    vec_free(ir->funcs);
+    for (usize i = 0; i < ir->gdata.size; i++)
+        node_drop_vecs(&ir->gdata.data[i]);
+    vec_free(ir->gdata);
+}
+
+spl_ir_func_ref_t spl_ir_alloc_fn(spl_ir_t *ir) {
+    spl_ir_func_t f;
+    memset(&f, 0, sizeof f);
+    vec_init(f.nodes);
+    vec_init(f.labels);
+    vec_init(f.dbg_vars);
+    vec_push(ir->funcs, f);
+    return ir->funcs.size - 1;
+}
+
+spl_ir_node_ref_t spl_ir_alloc_node(spl_ir_t *ir, spl_ir_func_ref_t fn_id) {
+    if (!fn_id || fn_id >= ir->funcs.size)
+        return 0;
+    spl_ir_func_t *f = &ir->funcs.data[fn_id];
+    spl_ir_node_t n;
+    memset(&n, 0, sizeof n);
+    if (f->nodes.size == 0) {
+        vec_push(f->nodes, n); /* 占位：node ref 0 保留为 error */
+    }
+    vec_push(f->nodes, n);
+    return f->nodes.size - 1;
+}
+
+spl_ir_node_t *spl_ir_node(spl_ir_t *ir, spl_ir_func_ref_t fn_id, spl_ir_node_ref_t node_id) {
+    if (!fn_id || fn_id >= ir->funcs.size)
+        return NULL;
+    spl_ir_func_t *f = &ir->funcs.data[fn_id];
+    if (!node_id || node_id >= f->nodes.size)
+        return NULL;
+    return &f->nodes.data[node_id];
+}
+
+spl_ir_func_t *spl_ir_func(spl_ir_t *ir, spl_ir_func_ref_t fn_id) {
+    if (!fn_id || fn_id >= ir->funcs.size)
+        return NULL;
+    return &ir->funcs.data[fn_id];
+}
+
+/* ================================================================
+ * dump
+ * ================================================================ */
+
+static void ir_type_dump(const spl_type_t *ty, spl_type_id_t tid) {
+    spl_type_node_t *n = spl_type_node((spl_type_t *)ty, tid);
+    if (!n) {
+        printf("?");
+        return;
+    }
+    switch (n->kind) {
+    case SPL_TYPE_VOID:
+        printf("void");
+        break;
+    case SPL_TYPE_BOOL:
+        printf("bool");
+        break;
+    case SPL_TYPE_INT:
+        printf("%s%zu", n->int_type.is_signed ? "i" : "u", n->int_type.bits);
+        break;
+    case SPL_TYPE_FLOAT:
+        printf("f%zu", n->float_type.bits);
+        break;
+    case SPL_TYPE_PTR:
+        printf("*");
+        ir_type_dump(ty, n->ptr_pointee);
+        break;
+    case SPL_TYPE_SLICE:
+        printf("[]");
+        ir_type_dump(ty, n->slice_element);
+        break;
+    case SPL_TYPE_RANGE:
+        printf("range[");
+        ir_type_dump(ty, n->range_element);
+        printf("]");
+        break;
+    case SPL_TYPE_ARRAY:
+        printf("[%zu]", n->array_type.len);
+        ir_type_dump(ty, n->array_type.element);
+        break;
+    case SPL_TYPE_STRUCT:
+        printf("struct#%zu", tid);
+        break;
+    case SPL_TYPE_UNION:
+        printf("union#%zu", tid);
+        break;
+    case SPL_TYPE_ENUM:
+        printf("enum#%zu", tid);
+        break;
+    case SPL_TYPE_FN:
+        printf("fn<");
+        for (usize i = 0; i < n->fn_type.params.size; i++) {
+            if (i)
+                printf(",");
+            ir_type_dump(ty, n->fn_type.params.data[i]);
+        }
+        printf("->");
+        ir_type_dump(ty, n->fn_type.ret);
+        printf(">");
+        break;
+    case SPL_TYPE_ID:
+        ir_type_dump(ty, n->type_id);
+        break;
+    default:
+        printf("?%zu", tid);
+        break;
+    }
+}
+
+static const char *node_name(spl_ir_kind_t k) {
+    if ((usize)k < sizeof(ir_kind_names) / sizeof(ir_kind_names[0]))
+        return ir_kind_names[k];
+    return "?";
+}
+
+static int node_produces_value(spl_ir_kind_t k) {
+    switch (k) {
+    case SPL_IR_MEM_STORE:
+    case SPL_IR_MEM_COPY:
+    case SPL_IR_MEM_SET:
+    case SPL_IR_MEM_FENCE:
+    case SPL_IR_CONTROL_BR:
+    case SPL_IR_CONTROL_JMP:
+    case SPL_IR_CONTROL_RET:
+    case SPL_IR_CONTROL_UNREACHABLE:
+    case SPL_IR_CONTROL_TRAP:
+    case SPL_IR_DBG_BREAKPOINT:
+    case SPL_IR_DBG_DECLARE:
+        return 0;
+    default:
+        return 1;
+    }
+}
+
+static void dump_ref(spl_ir_node_ref_t r) { printf("%%%zu", r); }
+
+static void dump_node(const spl_type_t *ty, const spl_ir_node_t *n) {
+    switch (n->kind) {
+    case SPL_IR_TYPE_CONST:
+        printf("@type.const(");
+        ir_type_dump(ty, n->type_const.tid);
+        printf(")(");
+        {
+            spl_type_node_t *t = spl_type_node((spl_type_t *)ty, n->type_const.tid);
+            if (t && t->kind == SPL_TYPE_INT)
+                printf("%lld", (long long)n->type_const.int_lit);
+            else if (t && t->kind == SPL_TYPE_FLOAT)
+                printf("%g", n->type_const.float_lit);
+            else if (t && t->kind == SPL_TYPE_FN)
+                printf("@fn#%zu", n->type_const.fn);
+            else if (t && (t->kind == SPL_TYPE_PTR || t->kind == SPL_TYPE_SLICE)) {
+                if (n->type_const.cstr_lit)
+                    printf("\"%s\"", n->type_const.cstr_lit);
+                else
+                    printf("0");
+            } else if (t && t->kind == SPL_TYPE_BOOL)
+                printf("%lld", (long long)n->type_const.int_lit);
+            else
+                printf("?");
+        }
+        printf(")");
+        break;
+    case SPL_IR_ARITH_ADD:
+    case SPL_IR_ARITH_SUB:
+    case SPL_IR_ARITH_MUL:
+    case SPL_IR_ARITH_DIV:
+    case SPL_IR_ARITH_REM:
+    case SPL_IR_ARITH_AND:
+    case SPL_IR_ARITH_OR:
+    case SPL_IR_ARITH_XOR:
+    case SPL_IR_ARITH_SHL:
+    case SPL_IR_ARITH_SHR:
+        printf("@%s(", node_name(n->kind));
+        ir_type_dump(ty, n->arith.tid);
+        printf(")(");
+        dump_ref(n->arith.left);
+        if (n->arith.right) {
+            printf(", ");
+            dump_ref(n->arith.right);
+        }
+        printf(")");
+        break;
+    case SPL_IR_ARITH_NEG:
+    case SPL_IR_ARITH_ABS:
+    case SPL_IR_ARITH_NOT:
+        printf("@%s(", node_name(n->kind));
+        ir_type_dump(ty, n->arith.tid);
+        printf(")(");
+        dump_ref(n->arith.left);
+        printf(")");
+        break;
+    case SPL_IR_CMP_EQ:
+    case SPL_IR_CMP_NE:
+    case SPL_IR_CMP_LT:
+    case SPL_IR_CMP_LE:
+    case SPL_IR_CMP_GT:
+    case SPL_IR_CMP_GE:
+        printf("@%s(", node_name(n->kind));
+        ir_type_dump(ty, n->cmp.tid);
+        printf(")(");
+        dump_ref(n->cmp.a);
+        printf(", ");
+        dump_ref(n->cmp.b);
+        printf(")");
+        break;
+    case SPL_IR_CAST_TRUNC:
+    case SPL_IR_CAST_ZEXT:
+    case SPL_IR_CAST_SEXT:
+    case SPL_IR_CAST_FEXT:
+    case SPL_IR_CAST_FTRUNC:
+    case SPL_IR_CAST_BITCAST:
+    case SPL_IR_CAST_PTR2INT:
+    case SPL_IR_CAST_INT2PTR:
+    case SPL_IR_CAST_BOOL2INT:
+    case SPL_IR_CASE_INT2FLOAT:
+    case SPL_IR_CASE_FLOAT2INT:
+        printf("@%s(", node_name(n->kind));
+        ir_type_dump(ty, n->cast.from_tid);
+        printf(", ");
+        ir_type_dump(ty, n->cast.to_tid);
+        printf(")(");
+        dump_ref(n->cast.val);
+        printf(")");
+        break;
+    case SPL_IR_MEM_ALLOCA:
+        printf("@mem.alloca(");
+        ir_type_dump(ty, n->mem_alloc.tid);
+        printf(")(");
+        dump_ref(n->mem_alloc.count);
+        printf(")");
+        break;
+    case SPL_IR_MEM_LOAD:
+        printf("@mem.load(");
+        ir_type_dump(ty, n->mem_load.tid);
+        printf(")(");
+        dump_ref(n->mem_load.ptr);
+        printf(")");
+        break;
+    case SPL_IR_MEM_STORE:
+        printf("@mem.store(");
+        ir_type_dump(ty, n->mem_store.tid);
+        printf(")(");
+        dump_ref(n->mem_store.ptr);
+        printf(", ");
+        dump_ref(n->mem_store.val);
+        printf(")");
+        break;
+    case SPL_IR_MEM_OFFSET:
+        printf("@mem.offset(");
+        ir_type_dump(ty, n->mem_offset.tid);
+        printf(")(");
+        dump_ref(n->mem_offset.ptr);
+        printf(", ");
+        dump_ref(n->mem_offset.offset);
+        printf(")");
+        break;
+    case SPL_IR_MEM_FIELD_PTR:
+        printf("@mem.field_ptr(");
+        ir_type_dump(ty, n->mem_field_ptr.tid);
+        printf(", %zu)(", (size_t)n->mem_field_ptr.field_idx);
+        dump_ref(n->mem_field_ptr.agg);
+        printf(")");
+        break;
+    case SPL_IR_MEM_GLOBAL_ALLOC:
+        printf("@mem.global_alloc(gdata[%zu])()", (size_t)n->mem_global_alloc.const_node);
+        break;
+    case SPL_IR_MEM_COPY:
+        printf("@mem.copy()(");
+        dump_ref(n->mem_copy.dst);
+        printf(", ");
+        dump_ref(n->mem_copy.src);
+        printf(", ");
+        dump_ref(n->mem_copy.size);
+        printf(")");
+        break;
+    case SPL_IR_MEM_SET:
+        printf("@mem.set()(");
+        dump_ref(n->mem_set.dst);
+        printf(", ");
+        dump_ref(n->mem_set.val);
+        printf(", ");
+        dump_ref(n->mem_set.size);
+        printf(")");
+        break;
+    case SPL_IR_MEM_FENCE:
+        printf("@mem.fence()(");
+        dump_ref(n->mem_fence.ordering);
+        printf(")");
+        break;
+    case SPL_IR_TYPE_BITSIZEOF:
+        printf("@type.bitsizeof(");
+        ir_type_dump(ty, n->bitsizeof.tid);
+        printf(")()");
+        break;
+    case SPL_IR_TYPE_SIZEOF:
+        printf("@type.sizeof(");
+        ir_type_dump(ty, n->ir_sizeof.tid);
+        printf(")()");
+        break;
+    case SPL_IR_TYPE_ALIGNOF:
+        printf("@type.alignof(");
+        ir_type_dump(ty, n->ir_alignof.tid);
+        printf(")()");
+        break;
+    case SPL_IR_TYPE_OFFSETOF:
+        printf("@type.offsetof(");
+        ir_type_dump(ty, n->ir_offsetof.tid);
+        printf(")(");
+        dump_ref(n->ir_offsetof.field_idx);
+        printf(")");
+        break;
+    case SPL_IR_TYPE_FIELD_COUNT:
+        printf("@type.field_count(");
+        ir_type_dump(ty, n->field_count.tid);
+        printf(")()");
+        break;
+    case SPL_IR_AGG_CONSTRUCT:
+        printf("@agg.construct(");
+        ir_type_dump(ty, n->agg_construct.tid);
+        printf(")(");
+        for (usize i = 0; i < n->agg_construct.fields.size; i++) {
+            if (i)
+                printf(", ");
+            dump_ref(n->agg_construct.fields.data[i]);
+        }
+        printf(")");
+        break;
+    case SPL_IR_AGG_EXTRACT:
+        printf("@agg.extract(");
+        ir_type_dump(ty, n->agg_extract.tid);
+        printf(", %lld)(", (long long)n->agg_extract.field_idx);
+        dump_ref(n->agg_extract.val);
+        printf(")");
+        break;
+    case SPL_IR_AGG_INSERT:
+        printf("@agg.insert(");
+        ir_type_dump(ty, n->agg_insert.tid);
+        printf(", %lld)(", (long long)n->agg_insert.field_idx);
+        dump_ref(n->agg_insert.agg);
+        printf(", ");
+        dump_ref(n->agg_insert.field);
+        printf(")");
+        break;
+    case SPL_IR_CONTROL_SELECT:
+        printf("@control.select(");
+        ir_type_dump(ty, n->control_select.tid);
+        printf(")(");
+        dump_ref(n->control_select.cond);
+        printf(", ");
+        dump_ref(n->control_select.true_val);
+        printf(", ");
+        dump_ref(n->control_select.false_val);
+        printf(")");
+        break;
+    case SPL_IR_CONTROL_BR:
+        printf("@control.br()(");
+        dump_ref(n->control_br.cond);
+        printf(", ");
+        dump_ref(n->control_br.true_label);
+        printf(", ");
+        dump_ref(n->control_br.false_label);
+        printf(")");
+        break;
+    case SPL_IR_CONTROL_JMP:
+        printf("@control.jmp()(");
+        dump_ref(n->control_jmp.label);
+        printf(")");
+        break;
+    case SPL_IR_CONTROL_CALL:
+        printf("@control.call(");
+        ir_type_dump(ty, n->control_call.tid);
+        printf(")(");
+        dump_ref(n->control_call.func);
+        for (usize i = 0; i < n->control_call.params.size; i++) {
+            printf(", ");
+            dump_ref(n->control_call.params.data[i]);
+        }
+        printf(")");
+        break;
+    case SPL_IR_CONTROL_PARAM:
+        printf("@control.param(");
+        ir_type_dump(ty, n->control_param.tid);
+        printf(")(%lld)", (long long)n->control_param.idx);
+        break;
+    case SPL_IR_CONTROL_RET:
+        printf("@control.ret(");
+        ir_type_dump(ty, n->control_ret.tid);
+        printf(")(");
+        if (n->control_ret.val)
+            dump_ref(n->control_ret.val);
+        printf(")");
+        break;
+    case SPL_IR_CONTROL_UNREACHABLE:
+        printf("@control.unreachable()()");
+        break;
+    case SPL_IR_CONTROL_TRAP:
+        printf("@control.trap()()");
+        break;
+    case SPL_IR_DBG_BREAKPOINT:
+        printf("@dbg.breakpoint()()");
+        break;
+    case SPL_IR_DBG_DECLARE:
+        printf("@dbg.declare()()");
+        break;
+    default:
+        printf("@%s()()", node_name(n->kind));
+        break;
+    }
+}
+
+static void dump_func(const spl_type_t *ty, const spl_ir_func_t *f) {
+    printf("func @%s", f->name ? f->name : "?");
+    if (f->fn_tid) {
+        spl_type_node_t *t = spl_type_node((spl_type_t *)ty, f->fn_tid);
+        if (t && t->kind == SPL_TYPE_FN) {
+            printf("(");
+            for (usize i = 0; i < t->fn_type.params.size; i++) {
+                if (i)
+                    printf(", ");
+                ir_type_dump(ty, t->fn_type.params.data[i]);
+            }
+            printf(") -> ");
+            ir_type_dump(ty, t->fn_type.ret);
+        }
+    }
+    printf(" {\n");
+    usize li = 0;
+    for (usize i = 1; i < f->nodes.size; i++) {
+        if (li < f->labels.size && f->labels.data[li] == i) {
+            printf("#bb%zu:\n", li);
+            li++;
+        }
+        printf("    ");
+        if (node_produces_value(f->nodes.data[i].kind))
+            printf("%%%zu = ", i);
+        dump_node(ty, &f->nodes.data[i]);
+        printf("\n");
+    }
+    if (li < f->labels.size && f->labels.data[li] == f->nodes.size)
+        printf("#bb%zu:\n", li);
+    printf("}\n");
+}
+
+void spl_ir_dump(spl_ir_t *ir, const spl_type_t *ty) {
+    printf("; SPL IR module (%zu funcs)\n", ir->funcs.size - 1);
+    for (usize i = 1; i < ir->funcs.size; i++)
+        dump_func(ty, &ir->funcs.data[i]);
+    if (ir->gdata.size) {
+        printf("; global data (%zu)\n", ir->gdata.size);
+        for (usize i = 0; i < ir->gdata.size; i++) {
+            printf(";  gdata[%zu] = ", i);
+            dump_node(ty, &ir->gdata.data[i]);
+            printf("\n");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+const char *spl_ir_kind_name(spl_ir_kind_t kind) {
+    static const char *const names[] = {
+#define X(a, b, c) #a,
+        SPL_IR_FN_TABLE
+#undef X
+    };
+    if ((usize)kind < sizeof(names) / sizeof(names[0]))
+        return names[kind];
+    return "?";
+}

stage1/spl_ir.h

@@ -0,0 +1,270 @@
+#ifndef __SPL_IR_H__
+#define __SPL_IR_H__
+
+#include "../stage0/include/utils.h"
+#include "spl_dbg.h"
+#include "spl_type.h"
+
+
+/* clang-format off */
+#define SPL_IR_FN_TABLE                                      \
+    X(arith.add,           V0, SPL_IR_ARITH_ADD)             \
+    X(arith.sub,           V0, SPL_IR_ARITH_SUB)             \
+    X(arith.mul,           V0, SPL_IR_ARITH_MUL)             \
+    X(arith.div,           V0, SPL_IR_ARITH_DIV)             \
+    X(arith.rem,           V0, SPL_IR_ARITH_REM)             \
+    X(arith.neg,           V0, SPL_IR_ARITH_NEG)             \
+    X(arith.abs,           V0, SPL_IR_ARITH_ABS)             \
+    X(arith.and,           V0, SPL_IR_ARITH_AND)             \
+    X(arith.or,            V0, SPL_IR_ARITH_OR)              \
+    X(arith.xor,           V0, SPL_IR_ARITH_XOR)             \
+    X(arith.shl,           V0, SPL_IR_ARITH_SHL)             \
+    X(arith.shr,           V0, SPL_IR_ARITH_SHR)             \
+    X(arith.not,           V0, SPL_IR_ARITH_NOT)             \
+    X(cmp.eq,              V0, SPL_IR_CMP_EQ)                \
+    X(cmp.ne,              V0, SPL_IR_CMP_NE)                \
+    X(cmp.lt,              V0, SPL_IR_CMP_LT)                \
+    X(cmp.le,              V0, SPL_IR_CMP_LE)                \
+    X(cmp.gt,              V0, SPL_IR_CMP_GT)                \
+    X(cmp.ge,              V0, SPL_IR_CMP_GE)                \
+    X(cast.trunc,          V0, SPL_IR_CAST_TRUNC)            \
+    X(cast.zext,           V0, SPL_IR_CAST_ZEXT)             \
+    X(cast.sext,           V0, SPL_IR_CAST_SEXT)             \
+    X(cast.fext,           V0, SPL_IR_CAST_FEXT)             \
+    X(cast.ftrunc,         V0, SPL_IR_CAST_FTRUNC)           \
+    X(cast.bitcast,        V0, SPL_IR_CAST_BITCAST)          \
+    X(cast.ptr2int,        V0, SPL_IR_CAST_PTR2INT)          \
+    X(cast.int2ptr,        V0, SPL_IR_CAST_INT2PTR)          \
+    X(cast.bool2int,       V0, SPL_IR_CAST_BOOL2INT)         \
+    X(case.int2float,      V0, SPL_IR_CASE_INT2FLOAT)        \
+    X(case.float2int,      V0, SPL_IR_CASE_FLOAT2INT)        \
+    X(mem.alloca,          V0, SPL_IR_MEM_ALLOCA)            \
+    X(mem.global_alloc,    V0, SPL_IR_MEM_GLOBAL_ALLOC)      \
+    X(mem.load,            V0, SPL_IR_MEM_LOAD)              \
+    X(mem.store,           V0, SPL_IR_MEM_STORE)             \
+    X(mem.offset,          V0, SPL_IR_MEM_OFFSET)            \
+    X(mem.field,           V0, SPL_IR_MEM_FIELD_PTR)         \
+    X(mem.copy,            V0, SPL_IR_MEM_COPY)              \
+    X(mem.set,             V0, SPL_IR_MEM_SET)               \
+    X(mem.fence,           V0, SPL_IR_MEM_FENCE)             \
+    X(type.const,          V0, SPL_IR_TYPE_CONST)            \
+    X(type.bitsizeof,      V0, SPL_IR_TYPE_BITSIZEOF)        \
+    X(type.sizeof,         V0, SPL_IR_TYPE_SIZEOF)           \
+    X(type.alignof,        V0, SPL_IR_TYPE_ALIGNOF)          \
+    X(type.offsetof,       V0, SPL_IR_TYPE_OFFSETOF)         \
+    X(type.field_count,    V0, SPL_IR_TYPE_FIELD_COUNT)      \
+    X(agg.construct,       V0, SPL_IR_AGG_CONSTRUCT)         \
+    X(agg.extract,         V0, SPL_IR_AGG_EXTRACT)           \
+    X(agg.insert,          V0, SPL_IR_AGG_INSERT)            \
+    X(atomic.load,         V0, SPL_IR_ATOMIC_LOAD)           \
+    X(atomic.store,        V0, SPL_IR_ATOMIC_STORE)          \
+    X(atomic.rmw_add,      V0, SPL_IR_ATOMIC_RMW_ADD)        \
+    X(atomic.rmw_sub,      V0, SPL_IR_ATOMIC_RMW_SUB)        \
+    X(atomic.rmw_and,      V0, SPL_IR_ATOMIC_RMW_AND)        \
+    X(atomic.rmw_or,       V0, SPL_IR_ATOMIC_RMW_OR)         \
+    X(atomic.rmw_xor,      V0, SPL_IR_ATOMIC_RMW_XOR)        \
+    X(atomic.rmw_xchg,     V0, SPL_IR_ATOMIC_RMW_XCHG)       \
+    X(atomic.cmpxchg,      V0, SPL_IR_ATOMIC_CMPXCHG)        \
+    X(control.select,      V0, SPL_IR_CONTROL_SELECT)        \
+    X(control.br,          V0, SPL_IR_CONTROL_BR)            \
+    X(control.jmp,         V0, SPL_IR_CONTROL_JMP)           \
+    X(control.call,        V0, SPL_IR_CONTROL_CALL)          \
+    X(control.param,       V0, SPL_IR_CONTROL_PARAM)         \
+    X(control.ret,         V0, SPL_IR_CONTROL_RET)           \
+    X(control.unreachable, V0, SPL_IR_CONTROL_UNREACHABLE)   \
+    X(control.trap,        V0, SPL_IR_CONTROL_TRAP)          \
+    X(dbg.breakpoint,      V0, SPL_IR_DBG_BREAKPOINT)        \
+    X(dbg.declare,         V0, SPL_IR_DBG_DECLARE)
+    
+typedef enum {
+#ifdef X
+#undef X
+#endif
+#define X(a, b, c) c,
+    SPL_IR_FN_TABLE
+#undef X
+} spl_ir_kind_t;
+/* clang-format on */
+
+typedef usize spl_ir_node_ref_t; /* 0 is error */
+typedef VEC(spl_ir_node_ref_t) spl_ir_node_ref_vec_t;
+
+typedef usize spl_ir_func_ref_t; /* 0 is error */
+
+typedef struct {
+    spl_ir_kind_t kind;
+    spl_dbg_node_t dbg;
+    union {
+        struct {
+            spl_type_id_t tid;
+            spl_ir_node_ref_t left;
+            spl_ir_node_ref_t right;
+        } arith;
+        struct {
+            spl_type_id_t tid;
+            spl_ir_node_ref_t a;
+            spl_ir_node_ref_t b;
+        } cmp;
+        struct {
+            spl_type_id_t from_tid;
+            spl_type_id_t to_tid;
+            spl_ir_node_ref_t val;
+        } cast;
+        struct {
+            spl_type_id_t tid;
+            spl_ir_node_ref_t count;
+        } mem_alloc;
+        struct {
+            spl_type_id_t tid;
+            spl_ir_node_ref_t const_node;
+        } mem_global_alloc;
+        struct {
+            spl_type_id_t tid;
+            spl_ir_node_ref_t ptr;
+        } mem_load;
+        struct {
+            spl_type_id_t tid;
+            spl_ir_node_ref_t ptr;
+            spl_ir_node_ref_t val;
+        } mem_store;
+        struct {
+            spl_type_id_t tid;
+            spl_ir_node_ref_t ptr;
+            spl_ir_node_ref_t offset;
+        } mem_offset;
+        struct {
+            spl_type_id_t tid;
+            spl_ir_node_ref_t agg;
+            usize field_idx;
+        } mem_field_ptr;
+        struct {
+            spl_type_id_t tid;
+            spl_ir_node_ref_t dst;
+            spl_ir_node_ref_t src;
+            spl_ir_node_ref_t size;
+        } mem_copy;
+        struct {
+            spl_type_id_t tid;
+            spl_ir_node_ref_t dst;
+            spl_ir_node_ref_t val;
+            spl_ir_node_ref_t size;
+        } mem_set;
+        struct {
+            spl_ir_node_ref_t ordering;
+        } mem_fence;
+        struct {
+            spl_type_id_t tid;
+            union {
+                usize int_lit;
+                double float_lit;
+                const char *cstr_lit;
+                char ch_lit;
+                spl_ir_func_ref_t fn;
+            };
+        } type_const;
+        struct {
+            spl_type_id_t tid;
+        } bitsizeof;
+        struct {
+            spl_type_id_t tid;
+        } ir_sizeof;
+        struct {
+            spl_type_id_t tid;
+        } ir_alignof;
+        struct {
+            spl_type_id_t tid;
+            spl_ir_node_ref_t field_idx;
+        } ir_offsetof;
+        struct {
+            spl_type_id_t tid;
+        } field_count;
+
+        struct {
+            spl_type_id_t tid;
+            spl_ir_node_ref_vec_t fields;
+        } agg_construct;
+        struct {
+            spl_type_id_t tid;
+            spl_type_id_t field_tid;
+            usize field_idx;
+            spl_ir_node_ref_t val;
+        } agg_extract;
+        struct {
+            spl_type_id_t tid;
+            usize field_idx;
+            spl_ir_node_ref_t agg;
+            spl_ir_node_ref_t field;
+        } agg_insert;
+
+        struct {
+            spl_type_id_t tid;
+            spl_ir_node_ref_t cond;
+            spl_ir_node_ref_t true_val;
+            spl_ir_node_ref_t false_val;
+        } control_select;
+        struct {
+            spl_ir_node_ref_t cond;
+            spl_ir_node_ref_t true_label;
+            spl_ir_node_ref_t false_label;
+        } control_br;
+        struct {
+            spl_ir_node_ref_t label;
+        } control_jmp;
+        struct {
+            spl_type_id_t tid;
+            spl_ir_node_ref_t func;
+            spl_ir_node_ref_vec_t params;
+        } control_call;
+        struct {
+            spl_type_id_t tid;
+            spl_ir_node_ref_t idx;
+        } control_param;
+        struct {
+            spl_type_id_t tid;
+            spl_ir_node_ref_t val;
+        } control_ret;
+    };
+} spl_ir_node_t;
+typedef VEC(spl_ir_node_t) spl_ir_node_vec_t;
+
+typedef struct {
+    enum {
+        SPL_IR_ATTR_NONE,
+        SPL_IR_ATTR_LINK,         /* 不实现 */
+        SPL_IR_ATTR_ABI,          /* 只有 C ABI 支持 */
+        SPL_IR_ATTR_SYMBOL,       /* 不实现 */
+        SPL_IR_ATTR_NAKED,        /* 不实现 */
+        SPL_IR_ATTR_NOINLINE,     /* 不实现 */
+        SPL_IR_ATTR_ALWAYSINLINE, /* 不实现 */
+    };
+} spl_ir_attr_t;
+typedef VEC(spl_ir_attr_t) spl_ir_attr_vec_t;
+
+typedef struct {
+    const char *name;
+    spl_ir_attr_t attr;
+    spl_type_id_t fn_tid;
+    spl_ir_node_vec_t nodes;
+    spl_ir_node_ref_vec_t labels;
+} spl_ir_func_t;
+
+typedef VEC(spl_ir_func_t) spl_ir_func_vec_t;
+
+typedef struct {
+    spl_ir_func_vec_t funcs;
+    spl_ir_node_vec_t gdata;
+} spl_ir_t;
+
+void spl_ir_init(spl_ir_t *ir);
+void spl_ir_drop(spl_ir_t *ir);
+
+spl_ir_node_ref_t spl_ir_alloc_node(spl_ir_t *ir, spl_ir_func_ref_t fn_id);
+spl_ir_func_ref_t spl_ir_alloc_fn(spl_ir_t *ir);
+
+spl_ir_node_t *spl_ir_node(spl_ir_t *ir, spl_ir_func_ref_t fn_id, spl_ir_node_ref_t node_id);
+spl_ir_func_t *spl_ir_func(spl_ir_t *ir, spl_ir_func_ref_t fn_id);
+
+void spl_ir_dump(spl_ir_t *ir, const spl_type_t *ty);
+const char *spl_ir_kind_name(spl_ir_kind_t kind);
+
+#endif /* __SPL_IR_H__ */

stage1/spl_ir2vm.h

@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+#ifndef __SPL_IR2VM_H__
+#define __SPL_IR2VM_H__
+
+#include "spl_ir.h"
+#include "spl_type.h"
+
+/*
+ * ================================================================
+ * SPL VM ABI (ir2vm 的正式约定；布局知识唯一来源)
+ * ================================================================
+ *
+ * 栈值槽 spl_val_t = sizeof(usize) = 8 字节。
+ * SIR 指令 type 只表达标量 tag（SPL_I8..SPL_PTR），聚合无 tag——
+ * 聚合值在 vreg 中是字节块，整体搬运用 NCALL vm_memcpy。
+ *
+ * ── 函数栈帧（字节坐标系，基址 = (char*)&stacks[fp]）─────────────
+ *
+ *   [canary]                       fp-8 .. 0     （VM CALL 自动插入，ir2vm 不触碰）
+ *   [params 区]                    fp+0 .. fp+Na （Na = C ABI 参数区字节数）
+ *   [locals / vreg]                fp+Na .. fp+Na+L
+ *
+ *   ALLOC ceil((Na+L)/8) 一条 prologue；epilogue 走 RET。
+ *   LADDR(imm) 的 imm 是字节偏移；canary 在 fp-1 槽，编译码不可见。
+ *
+ * ── 参数区 = C ABI（聚合值按值） ─────────────────────────────────
+ *   标量参数：align_up(off,8) 后占 8 字节（一槽）。
+ *   聚合参数：按聚合 size 排布跨多槽（align8 + size）。
+ *   调用方：标量 ld/PUSH 一槽；聚合逐 8 字节块压栈（聚合 vreg 强制 8 对齐）。
+ *   被调方：标量参数映射参数槽；聚合参数在 prologue memcpy 参数区 → param vreg，
+ *           emit_value(param) 取 vreg 地址。参数槽数 = ceil(param_bytes/8) = CALL nargs。
+ *
+ * ── locals = 虚拟寄存器区 ────────────────────────────────────────
+ *   每个产生值的 IR 节点 = 一个 vreg（locals 区按类型对齐的字节块）。
+ *   纯值节点（type.const / mem.global_alloc / mem.alloca / 折叠 sizeof 等）不落 vreg，
+ *   引用处重算（PUSH / GADDR / LADDR）；其余产生值节点落 vreg，引用处 LOAD。
+ *   聚合 vreg 引用处返回其地址（LADDR），搬运经 vm_memcpy。
+ *   mem.alloca(tid)(cnt) 的 vreg 槽即缓冲区本体，节点值 = LADDR(vreg_off)。
+ *   所有运算走 load/store：ld A; ld B; op; st Dst；立即数直接 PUSH。
+ *
+ * ── 调用 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+ *   调用方：逐参数压栈（标量一槽；聚合按 C ABI 逐 8 字节块）→ push fn_addr(或
+ *           native_idx) → CALL n / NCALL n。返回值落 call 节点 vreg。
+ *   原生函数：IR 中 nodes 为空的函数（@extern 声明）→ 注册进 prog.natives，
+ *             加载时由 spl_syscall_register 填 impl；调用改 PUSH nat_idx + NCALL。
+ *             变参 nargs = 实际参数槽数。
+ *
+ * ── enum（不展开，直接保留）─────────────────────────────────────
+ *   IR 层保留 enum 类型（不再展开为 struct）。enum 布局 = tag(usize, offset 0)
+ *   + payload(offset 8，最大变体）。构造：agg.construct(enum)(tag, payload)；
+ *   match：先取 tag 判定变体，再 extract(enum, 1) 一跳取 payload，
+ *   field_tid = 变体具体类型（由 ast2ir 传入）。
+ *
+ * ── 返回 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+ *   标量：ld vreg(val); RET(tag)（RET 的 type 决定 VM 是否弹出返回值）。
+ *   聚合返回 = sret（自展开，不改 VM）：
+ *     被调函数签名尾部追加隐藏 *T 参数（最后一个）；返回时把聚合 vreg
+ *     memcpy 到 sret 地址，RET(void)。
+ *     调用方在 locals 预留聚合槽（= call 节点 vreg），压其地址为最后实参；
+ *     call 完成后聚合值已在该槽。
+ *   返回 void：RET(SPL_VOID)。
+ *
+ * ── 全局数据 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+ *   任何聚合类型下（含 $root 顶层）的 var/const 属全局数据区。gdata 是
+ *   spl_ir_node_vec_t，每条 = 一个 value 节点（type.const：标量折叠值，
+ *   聚合/无 init 零）。ir2vm 遍历求值 → SIR gdata 条目（字节 blob）。
+ *   mem.global_alloc(tid, const_node) 的 const_node = gdata 向量索引，
+ *   降级为 GADDR(idx)。符号(def) → gdata 索引的解析在 ast2ir 收集期
+ *   （gdata_ref 表），ir2vm 按索引直接用。
+ *
+ * ── 类型布局（C ABI，唯一实现处）────────────────────────────────
+ *   type_align / type_size / field_offset：标量按 bits/8 对齐；
+ *   struct 顺序对齐 + 尾填充；union 取最大字段；enum = tag(8) + 最大 payload；
+ *   slice/range = [ptr, len] 各 8 字节；array = len * elem。
+ *
+ * ── 分支 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+ *   control.br/jmp/select 的 label 是 IR node ref（基本块首指令）。两遍发射：
+ *   第一遍逐节点发指令并记录 label 节点 → 指令地址；第二遍回填
+ *   JMP/BZ/BNZ 相对偏移 imm = target_addr - (jmp_addr + 1)。
+ * ================================================================
+ */
+
+/* 调试映射：每函数 IR 节点 → 首条指令 ip（调试器显示当前 IR 节点用） */
+typedef struct {
+    spl_ir_func_ref_t fid;
+    VEC(usize) node_first_ip; /* 索引 = IR 节点 ref，值 = 该节点首指令绝对 ip */
+} spl_ir2vm_fdbg_t;
+typedef VEC(spl_ir2vm_fdbg_t) spl_ir2vm_fdbg_vec_t;
+
+typedef struct {
+    const spl_ir_t *ir;
+    const spl_type_t *type;
+    spl_ir2vm_fdbg_vec_t fdbg; /* ir2vm_run 后填充；splc0 -g 读取生成 debug 段 */
+} spl_ir2vm_t;
+
+void spl_ir2vm_init(spl_ir2vm_t *ctx, const spl_ir_t *ir, const spl_type_t *type);
+void spl_ir2vm_drop(spl_ir2vm_t *ctx);
+
+int spl_ir2vm_run(spl_ir2vm_t *ctx, const char *outpath); /* 返回错误数 */
+void spl_ir2vm_dump(spl_ir2vm_t *ctx);
+
+#endif /* __SPL_IR2VM_H__ */

stage1/spl_lexer.c

@@ -0,0 +1,538 @@
+/* spl_lexer.c - SPL lexical analyzer */
+
+#include "spl_lexer.h"
+#include "spl_tok.h"
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+/* Character classification */
+static int is_ident_start(char c) { return isalpha((unsigned char)c) || c == '_'; }
+
+static int is_ident_cont(char c) { return isalnum((unsigned char)c) || c == '_'; }
+
+/* Keyword lookup: if ident is a keyword, return its token type, else TOK_IDENT */
+static spl_tok_type_t keyword_type(const char *ident, usize len) {
+#define X(name, enum_name, dummy)                                                                  \
+    if (len == sizeof(#name) - 1 && memcmp(ident, #name, len) == 0)                                \
+        return enum_name;
+    KEYWORD_TABLE
+#undef X
+    return TOK_IDENT;
+}
+
+/* Escape sequence decoder - returns the decoded character,
+ * advances *s past the escape sequence, returns 0 on success,
+ * non-zero on error. */
+int spl_decode_escape(const char **s, char *out) {
+    if (**s != '\\') {
+        *out = **s;
+        (*s)++;
+        return 0;
+    }
+    (*s)++; /* skip backslash */
+    switch (**s) {
+    case 'n':
+        *out = '\n';
+        break;
+    case 't':
+        *out = '\t';
+        break;
+    case 'r':
+        *out = '\r';
+        break;
+    case '\\':
+        *out = '\\';
+        break;
+    case '"':
+        *out = '"';
+        break;
+    case '\'':
+        *out = '\'';
+        break;
+    case '0':
+        *out = '\0';
+        break;
+    case 'x': {
+        (*s)++;
+        char hex[3] = {0, 0, 0};
+        int i;
+        for (i = 0; i < 2 && isxdigit((unsigned char)**s); i++, (*s)++) {
+            hex[i] = **s;
+        }
+        if (i == 0)
+            return -1;
+        *out = (char)strtol(hex, NULL, 16);
+        return 0;
+    }
+    default:
+        return -1;
+    }
+    (*s)++;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+spl_tok_vec_t spl_lex(const char *source, const char *fname) {
+    spl_tok_vec_t toks;
+    vec_init(toks);
+
+    usize line = 1;
+    usize col = 1;
+    usize offset = 0;
+    usize len = strlen(source);
+
+    while (offset < len) {
+        const char *start = source + offset;
+        char c = *start;
+
+        /* Skip whitespace (but not newlines - emit TOK_ENDLINE) */
+        if (c == ' ' || c == '\t' || c == '\r') {
+            offset++;
+            col++;
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        /* Newline */
+        if (c == '\n') {
+            spl_tok_t tok;
+            memset(&tok, 0, sizeof(tok));
+            tok.type = TOK_ENDLINE;
+            tok.lexeme = start;
+            tok.len = 1;
+            tok.fname = fname;
+            tok.offset = offset;
+            tok.line = line;
+            tok.col = col;
+            vec_push(toks, tok);
+            offset++;
+            line++;
+            col = 1;
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        /* Line comment */
+        if (c == '/' && offset + 1 < len && source[offset + 1] == '/') {
+            const char *nl = (const char *)memchr(start, '\n', len - offset);
+            usize clen = nl ? (usize)(nl - start) : (len - offset);
+            spl_tok_t tok;
+            memset(&tok, 0, sizeof(tok));
+            tok.type = TOK_LINE_COMMENT;
+            tok.lexeme = start;
+            tok.len = clen;
+            tok.fname = fname;
+            tok.offset = offset;
+            tok.line = line;
+            tok.col = col;
+            vec_push(toks, tok);
+            offset += clen;
+            col += clen;
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        /* Block comment */
+        if (c == '/' && offset + 1 < len && source[offset + 1] == '*') {
+            offset += 2;
+            col += 2;
+            usize depth = 1;
+            while (offset + 1 < len && depth > 0) {
+                if (source[offset] == '*' && source[offset + 1] == '/') {
+                    depth--;
+                    offset += 2;
+                    col += 2;
+                    if (depth == 0)
+                        break;
+                } else if (source[offset] == '/' && source[offset + 1] == '*') {
+                    depth++;
+                    offset += 2;
+                    col += 2;
+                } else {
+                    if (source[offset] == '\n') {
+                        line++;
+                        col = 1;
+                    } else {
+                        col++;
+                    }
+                    offset++;
+                }
+            }
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        /* Char literal: 'x' */
+        if (c == '\'') {
+            offset++;
+            col++;
+            char buf[16];
+            int bi = 0;
+            memset(buf, 0, sizeof(buf));
+
+            if (offset < len) {
+                const char *cp = source + offset;
+                if (spl_decode_escape(&cp, &buf[bi])) {
+                    buf[bi] = source[offset];
+                    cp = source + offset + 1;
+                }
+                bi++;
+                offset = (usize)(cp - source);
+                col += (usize)(cp - (start + 1));
+            }
+
+            if (offset < len && source[offset] == '\'') {
+                offset++;
+                col++;
+            }
+
+            spl_tok_t tok;
+            memset(&tok, 0, sizeof(tok));
+            tok.type = TOK_CHAR_LITERAL;
+            tok.lexeme = start;
+            tok.len = (usize)((source + offset) - start);
+            tok.fname = fname;
+            tok.offset = start - source;
+            tok.line = line;
+            tok.col = col - tok.len;
+            vec_push(toks, tok);
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        /* String literal: "..." */
+        if (c == '"') {
+            offset++;
+            col++;
+            while (offset < len) {
+                if (source[offset] == '\\') {
+                    offset++;
+                    col++;
+                    if (offset < len) {
+                        offset++;
+                        col++;
+                    }
+                } else if (source[offset] == '"') {
+                    offset++;
+                    col++;
+                    break;
+                } else if (source[offset] == '\n') {
+                    line++;
+                    col = 1;
+                    offset++;
+                } else {
+                    offset++;
+                    col++;
+                }
+            }
+
+            spl_tok_t tok;
+            memset(&tok, 0, sizeof(tok));
+            tok.type = TOK_STRING_LITERAL;
+            tok.lexeme = start;
+            tok.len = (usize)((source + offset) - start);
+            tok.fname = fname;
+            tok.offset = start - source;
+            tok.line = line;
+            tok.col = col - tok.len;
+            vec_push(toks, tok);
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        /* Identifiers and keywords */
+        if (is_ident_start(c)) {
+            const char *id_start = start;
+            usize id_len = 0;
+            while (offset < len && is_ident_cont(source[offset])) {
+                offset++;
+                id_len++;
+                col++;
+            }
+
+            spl_tok_type_t tt = keyword_type(id_start, id_len);
+            spl_tok_t tok;
+            memset(&tok, 0, sizeof(tok));
+            tok.type = tt;
+            tok.lexeme = id_start;
+            tok.len = id_len;
+            tok.fname = fname;
+            tok.offset = id_start - source;
+            tok.line = line;
+            tok.col = col - id_len;
+            vec_push(toks, tok);
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        /* Numbers: integers and floats */
+        if (isdigit((unsigned char)c)) {
+            const char *num_start = start;
+            int is_float = 0;
+
+            /* Check for hex/bin/oct prefix */
+            if (c == '0' && offset + 1 < len) {
+                char nc = source[offset + 1];
+                if (nc == 'x' || nc == 'X') {
+                    /* Hex literal */
+                    offset += 2;
+                    col += 2;
+                    while (offset < len &&
+                           (isxdigit((unsigned char)source[offset]) || source[offset] == '_')) {
+                        offset++;
+                        col++;
+                    }
+                    goto emit_int;
+                }
+                if (nc == 'b' || nc == 'B') {
+                    /* Binary literal */
+                    offset += 2;
+                    col += 2;
+                    while (offset < len && (source[offset] == '0' || source[offset] == '1' ||
+                                            source[offset] == '_')) {
+                        offset++;
+                        col++;
+                    }
+                    goto emit_int;
+                }
+                if (nc == 'o' || nc == 'O') {
+                    /* Octal literal */
+                    offset += 2;
+                    col += 2;
+                    while (offset < len && ((source[offset] >= '0' && source[offset] <= '7') ||
+                                            source[offset] == '_')) {
+                        offset++;
+                        col++;
+                    }
+                    goto emit_int;
+                }
+            }
+
+            /* Decimal integer or float */
+            while (offset < len &&
+                   (isdigit((unsigned char)source[offset]) || source[offset] == '_')) {
+                offset++;
+                col++;
+            }
+
+            if (offset < len && source[offset] == '.' && offset + 1 < len &&
+                isdigit((unsigned char)source[offset + 1])) {
+                is_float = 1;
+                offset++;
+                col++;
+                while (offset < len && isdigit((unsigned char)source[offset])) {
+                    offset++;
+                    col++;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (is_float) {
+                spl_tok_t tok;
+                memset(&tok, 0, sizeof(tok));
+                tok.type = TOK_FLOAT_LITERAL;
+                tok.lexeme = num_start;
+                tok.len = (usize)((source + offset) - num_start);
+                tok.fname = fname;
+                tok.offset = num_start - source;
+                tok.line = line;
+                tok.col = col - tok.len;
+                vec_push(toks, tok);
+                continue;
+            }
+
+        emit_int: {
+            spl_tok_t tok;
+            memset(&tok, 0, sizeof(tok));
+            tok.type = TOK_INT_LITERAL;
+            tok.lexeme = num_start;
+            tok.len = (usize)((source + offset) - num_start);
+            tok.fname = fname;
+            tok.offset = num_start - source;
+            tok.line = line;
+            tok.col = col - tok.len;
+            vec_push(toks, tok);
+            continue;
+        }
+        }
+
+        /* Multi-character operators (longest match) */
+
+/* Helper: try to match a two-char operator */
+#define TRY_OP2(c1, c2, tok2, tok1)                                                                \
+    if (c == (c1) && offset + 1 < len && source[offset + 1] == (c2)) {                             \
+        spl_tok_type_t op_type = (tok2);                                                           \
+        usize op_len = 2;                                                                          \
+        spl_tok_t tok;                                                                             \
+        memset(&tok, 0, sizeof(tok));                                                              \
+        tok.type = op_type;                                                                        \
+        tok.lexeme = start;                                                                        \
+        tok.len = op_len;                                                                          \
+        tok.fname = fname;                                                                         \
+        tok.offset = offset;                                                                       \
+        tok.line = line;                                                                           \
+        tok.col = col;                                                                             \
+        vec_push(toks, tok);                                                                       \
+        offset += op_len;                                                                          \
+        col += op_len;                                                                             \
+        continue;                                                                                  \
+    }
+
+#define TRY_OP3(c1, c2, c3, tok3, tok2, tok1)                                                      \
+    if (c == (c1) && offset + 1 < len && source[offset + 1] == (c2)) {                             \
+        spl_tok_type_t op_type = (tok2);                                                           \
+        usize op_len = 2;                                                                          \
+        if (offset + 2 < len && source[offset + 2] == (c3)) {                                      \
+            op_type = (tok3);                                                                      \
+            op_len = 3;                                                                            \
+        }                                                                                          \
+        spl_tok_t tok;                                                                             \
+        memset(&tok, 0, sizeof(tok));                                                              \
+        tok.type = op_type;                                                                        \
+        tok.lexeme = start;                                                                        \
+        tok.len = op_len;                                                                          \
+        tok.fname = fname;                                                                         \
+        tok.offset = offset;                                                                       \
+        tok.line = line;                                                                           \
+        tok.col = col;                                                                             \
+        vec_push(toks, tok);                                                                       \
+        offset += op_len;                                                                          \
+        col += op_len;                                                                             \
+        continue;                                                                                  \
+    }
+
+        /* Three-char operators first */
+        TRY_OP3('<', '<', '=', TOK_ASSIGN_L_SH, TOK_L_SH, TOK_LT)
+        TRY_OP3('>', '>', '=', TOK_ASSIGN_R_SH, TOK_R_SH, TOK_GT)
+        TRY_OP3('.', '.', '.', TOK_ELLIPSIS, TOK_RANGE, TOK_DOT)
+
+        /* Two-char operators */
+        TRY_OP2('=', '=', TOK_EQ, TOK_ASSIGN)
+        TRY_OP2('=', '>', TOK_FAT_ARROW, TOK_ASSIGN)
+        TRY_OP2('!', '=', TOK_NEQ, TOK_NOT)
+        TRY_OP2('<', '=', TOK_LE, TOK_LT)
+        TRY_OP2('>', '=', TOK_GE, TOK_GT)
+        TRY_OP2('&', '&', TOK_AND_AND, TOK_AND)
+        TRY_OP2('|', '|', TOK_OR_OR, TOK_OR)
+        TRY_OP2('+', '=', TOK_ASSIGN_ADD, TOK_ADD)
+        TRY_OP2('-', '=', TOK_ASSIGN_SUB, TOK_SUB)
+        TRY_OP2('*', '=', TOK_ASSIGN_MUL, TOK_MUL)
+        TRY_OP2('/', '=', TOK_ASSIGN_DIV, TOK_DIV)
+        TRY_OP2('%', '=', TOK_ASSIGN_MOD, TOK_MOD)
+        TRY_OP2('&', '=', TOK_ASSIGN_AND, TOK_AND)
+        TRY_OP2('|', '=', TOK_ASSIGN_OR, TOK_OR)
+        TRY_OP2('^', '=', TOK_ASSIGN_XOR, TOK_XOR)
+        TRY_OP2('<', '-', TOK_LEFT_ARRAY, TOK_LT)
+        TRY_OP2('-', '>', TOK_RIGHT_ARRAY, TOK_SUB)
+        TRY_OP2(':', '=', TOK_COLON_ASSIGN, TOK_COLON)
+
+        /* Single-character operators */
+        {
+            spl_tok_type_t tt = TOK_UNKNOWN;
+            switch (c) {
+            case '+':
+                tt = TOK_ADD;
+                break;
+            case '-':
+                tt = TOK_SUB;
+                break;
+            case '*':
+                tt = TOK_MUL;
+                break;
+            case '/':
+                tt = TOK_DIV;
+                break;
+            case '%':
+                tt = TOK_MOD;
+                break;
+            case '&':
+                tt = TOK_AND;
+                break;
+            case '|':
+                tt = TOK_OR;
+                break;
+            case '^':
+                tt = TOK_XOR;
+                break;
+            case '~':
+                tt = TOK_BIT_NOT;
+                break;
+            case '!':
+                tt = TOK_NOT;
+                break;
+            case '<':
+                tt = TOK_LT;
+                break;
+            case '>':
+                tt = TOK_GT;
+                break;
+            case '=':
+                tt = TOK_ASSIGN;
+                break;
+            case '.':
+                tt = TOK_DOT;
+                break;
+            case ',':
+                tt = TOK_COMMA;
+                break;
+            case ';':
+                tt = TOK_SEMICOLON;
+                break;
+            case ':':
+                tt = TOK_COLON;
+                break;
+            case '(':
+                tt = TOK_L_PAREN;
+                break;
+            case ')':
+                tt = TOK_R_PAREN;
+                break;
+            case '[':
+                tt = TOK_L_BRACKET;
+                break;
+            case ']':
+                tt = TOK_R_BRACKET;
+                break;
+            case '{':
+                tt = TOK_L_BRACE;
+                break;
+            case '}':
+                tt = TOK_R_BRACE;
+                break;
+            case '#':
+                tt = TOK_SHARP;
+                break;
+            case '@':
+                tt = TOK_AT;
+                break;
+            case '?':
+                tt = TOK_COND;
+                break;
+            default:
+                tt = TOK_UNKNOWN;
+                break;
+            }
+
+            spl_tok_t tok;
+            memset(&tok, 0, sizeof(tok));
+            tok.type = tt;
+            tok.lexeme = start;
+            tok.len = 1;
+            tok.fname = fname;
+            tok.offset = offset;
+            tok.line = line;
+            tok.col = col;
+            vec_push(toks, tok);
+            offset++;
+            col++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* EOF token */
+    {
+        spl_tok_t tok;
+        memset(&tok, 0, sizeof(tok));
+        tok.type = TOK_EOF;
+        tok.lexeme = source + offset;
+        tok.len = 0;
+        tok.fname = fname;
+        tok.offset = offset;
+        tok.line = line;
+        tok.col = col;
+        vec_push(toks, tok);
+    }
+
+    return toks;
+}

stage1/spl_lexer.h

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+/* spl_lexer.h - 独立词法分析器 */
+#ifndef __SPL_LEXER_H__
+#define __SPL_LEXER_H__
+
+#include "spl_tok.h"
+
+/* Lexer entry point */
+spl_tok_vec_t spl_lex(const char *source, const char *fname);
+
+/* Decode escape sequence, advance *s past it. Returns 0 on success. */
+int spl_decode_escape(const char **s, char *out);
+
+#endif /* __SPL_LEXER_H__ */

stage1/spl_sema.h

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+#ifndef __SPL_SEMA_H__
+#define __SPL_SEMA_H__
+
+#include "spl_ast.h"
+#include "spl_type.h"
+
+typedef usize spl_scope_id_t; /* 0 is error */
+typedef struct {
+    spl_scope_id_t parent;
+    MAP(const char *, spl_def_id_t) symbols;
+} spl_scope_node_t;
+typedef VEC(spl_scope_node_t) spl_scope_node_vec_t;
+
+typedef struct {
+    spl_ast_t *ast;
+    spl_type_t type;
+    spl_scope_node_vec_t scopes;
+    spl_scope_id_t root_scope;
+    spl_scope_id_t current_scope;
+    spl_def_id_t root_def;
+    int error_count;
+} spl_sema_t;
+
+void spl_sema_init(spl_sema_t *sema);
+void spl_sema_drop(spl_sema_t *sema);
+void spl_sema_run(spl_sema_t *sema);
+void spl_sema_check(spl_sema_t *sema);
+
+spl_scope_id_t spl_sema_scope_alloc(spl_sema_t *sema);
+bool spl_sema_scope_insert(spl_sema_t *sema, spl_scope_id_t id, const char *symbol_name,
+                           spl_def_id_t symbol_val);
+typedef VEC(const char *) spl_symbol_path_t;
+spl_def_id_t spl_sema_scope_find(spl_sema_t *sema, spl_symbol_path_t path);
+
+#endif /* __SPL_SEMA_H__ */

stage1/spl_tok.h

@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+/* spl_tok.h - Token type definitions (extracted from spl_lexer.h) */
+#ifndef __SPL_TOK_H__
+#define __SPL_TOK_H__
+
+#include "../stage0/include/utils.h"
+
+/* clang-format off */
+#define KEYWORD_TABLE \
+    X(as            , KW_AS             , SPL_V0) \
+    X(bool          , KW_BOOL           , SPL_V0) \
+    X(break         , KW_BREAK          , SPL_V0) \
+    X(catch         , KW_CATCH          , SPL_V0) \
+    X(comptime      , KW_COMPTIME       , SPL_V0) \
+    X(const         , KW_CONST          , SPL_V0) \
+    X(continue      , KW_CONTINUE       , SPL_V0) \
+    X(defer         , KW_DEFER          , SPL_V0) \
+    X(else          , KW_ELSE           , SPL_V0) \
+    X(enum          , KW_ENUM           , SPL_V0) \
+    X(errdefer      , KW_ERRDEFER       , SPL_V0) \
+    X(false         , KW_FALSE          , SPL_V0) \
+    X(fn            , KW_FN             , SPL_V0) \
+    X(for           , KW_FOR            , SPL_V0) \
+    X(if            , KW_IF             , SPL_V0) \
+    X(loop          , KW_LOOP           , SPL_V0) \
+    X(match         , KW_MATCH          , SPL_V0) \
+    X(null          , KW_NULL           , SPL_V0) \
+    X(ret           , KW_RET            , SPL_V0) \
+    X(shape         , WK_SHAPE          , SPL_V0) \
+    X(struct        , KW_STRUCT         , SPL_V0) \
+    X(true          , KW_TRUE           , SPL_V0) \
+    X(try           , KW_TRY            , SPL_V0) \
+    X(type          , KW_TYPE           , SPL_V0) \
+    X(undefined     , KW_UNDEFINDED     , SPL_V0) \
+    X(union         , KW_UNION          , SPL_V0) \
+    X(var           , KW_VAR            , SPL_V0) \
+    X(void          , KW_VOID           , SPL_V0) \
+    X(while         , KW_WHILE          , SPL_V0) \
+    X(_             , KW_ANY            , SPL_V0) \
+    // KEYWORD_TABLE
+
+#define TOKEN_TABLE \
+    X(unknown   , TOK_UNKNOWN           , SPL_V0 ) \
+    X(EOF       , TOK_EOF               , SPL_V0 ) \
+    X(blank     , TOK_BLANK             , SPL_V0 ) \
+    X(endline   , TOK_ENDLINE           , SPL_V0 ) \
+    X("#"       , TOK_SHARP             , SPL_V0 ) \
+    X("@"       , TOK_AT                , SPL_V0 ) \
+    X("=="      , TOK_EQ                , SPL_V0 ) \
+    X("="       , TOK_ASSIGN            , SPL_V0 ) \
+    X("+="      , TOK_ASSIGN_ADD        , SPL_V0 ) \
+    X("+"       , TOK_ADD               , SPL_V0 ) \
+    X("-="      , TOK_ASSIGN_SUB        , SPL_V0 ) \
+    X("->"      , TOK_RIGHT_ARRAY       , SPL_V0 ) \
+    X("<-"      , TOK_LEFT_ARRAY        , SPL_V0 ) \
+    X("-"       , TOK_SUB               , SPL_V0 ) \
+    X("*="      , TOK_ASSIGN_MUL        , SPL_V0 ) \
+    X("*"       , TOK_MUL               , SPL_V0 ) \
+    X("/="      , TOK_ASSIGN_DIV        , SPL_V0 ) \
+    X("/"       , TOK_DIV               , SPL_V0 ) \
+    X("//"      , TOK_LINE_COMMENT      , SPL_V0 ) \
+    X("/* */"   , TOK_BLOCK_COMMENT     , SPL_V0 ) \
+    X("%="      , TOK_ASSIGN_MOD        , SPL_V0 ) \
+    X("%"       , TOK_MOD               , SPL_V0 ) \
+    X("&&"      , TOK_AND_AND           , SPL_V0 ) \
+    X("&="      , TOK_ASSIGN_AND        , SPL_V0 ) \
+    X("&"       , TOK_AND               , SPL_V0 ) \
+    X("||"      , TOK_OR_OR             , SPL_V0 ) \
+    X("|="      , TOK_ASSIGN_OR         , SPL_V0 ) \
+    X("|"       , TOK_OR                , SPL_V0 ) \
+    X("^="      , TOK_ASSIGN_XOR        , SPL_V0 ) \
+    X("^"       , TOK_XOR               , SPL_V0 ) \
+    X("<<="     , TOK_ASSIGN_L_SH       , SPL_V0 ) \
+    X("<<"      , TOK_L_SH              , SPL_V0 ) \
+    X("<="      , TOK_LE                , SPL_V0 ) \
+    X("<"       , TOK_LT                , SPL_V0 ) \
+    X(">>="     , TOK_ASSIGN_R_SH       , SPL_V0 ) \
+    X(">>"      , TOK_R_SH              , SPL_V0 ) \
+    X(">="      , TOK_GE                , SPL_V0 ) \
+    X(">"       , TOK_GT                , SPL_V0 ) \
+    X("!"       , TOK_NOT               , SPL_V0 ) \
+    X("!="      , TOK_NEQ               , SPL_V0 ) \
+    X("~"       , TOK_BIT_NOT           , SPL_V0 ) \
+    X("["       , TOK_L_BRACKET         , SPL_V0 ) \
+    X("]"       , TOK_R_BRACKET         , SPL_V0 ) \
+    X("("       , TOK_L_PAREN           , SPL_V0 ) \
+    X(")"       , TOK_R_PAREN           , SPL_V0 ) \
+    X("{"       , TOK_L_BRACE           , SPL_V0 ) \
+    X("}"       , TOK_R_BRACE           , SPL_V0 ) \
+    X(";"       , TOK_SEMICOLON         , SPL_V0 ) \
+    X(","       , TOK_COMMA             , SPL_V0 ) \
+    X(":"       , TOK_COLON             , SPL_V0 ) \
+    X(":="      , TOK_COLON_ASSIGN      , SPL_V0 ) \
+    X("."       , TOK_DOT               , SPL_V0 ) \
+    X(".."      , TOK_RANGE             , SPL_V0 ) \
+    X("..."     , TOK_ELLIPSIS          , SPL_V0 ) \
+    X("=>"      , TOK_FAT_ARROW         , SPL_V0 ) \
+    X("?"       , TOK_COND              , SPL_V0 ) \
+    X(ident     , TOK_IDENT             , SPL_V0 ) \
+    X(int       , TOK_INT_LITERAL       , SPL_V0 ) \
+    X(float     , TOK_FLOAT_LITERAL     , SPL_V0 ) \
+    X(char      , TOK_CHAR_LITERAL      , SPL_V0 ) \
+    X(string    , TOK_STRING_LITERAL    , SPL_V0 ) \
+    // TOKEN_TABLE
+/* clang-format on */
+
+typedef enum {
+#define X(name, enum_name, dummy) enum_name,
+    KEYWORD_TABLE
+#undef X
+#define X(name, enum_name, dummy) enum_name,
+        TOKEN_TABLE
+#undef X
+} spl_tok_type_t;
+
+typedef struct {
+    spl_tok_type_t type;
+    const char *lexeme;
+    usize len;
+    const char *fname;
+    usize offset;
+    usize line;
+    usize col;
+} spl_tok_t;
+
+typedef VEC(spl_tok_t) spl_tok_vec_t;
+
+#endif /* __SPL_TOK_H__ */

stage1/spl_type.c

@@ -0,0 +1,257 @@
+#include "spl_type.h"
+
+static usize spl_type_hash(spl_type_node_t n) { return 0; }
+static int spl_type_eq(spl_type_node_t n1, spl_type_node_t n2) { return 1; }
+
+spl_type_id_t spl_type_node_push(spl_type_t *type, spl_type_node_t type_node) {
+    spl_type_id_t ret = 0;
+    int ok = map_get(type->type_map, type_node, &ret);
+    if (ok) {
+        return ret;
+    }
+    map_put(type->type_map, type_node, vec_size(type->type_table));
+    vec_push(type->type_table, type_node);
+    return vec_size(type->type_table) - 1;
+}
+
+spl_type_id_t spl_type_def_alloc(spl_type_t *type) {
+    vec_push(type->def_table, (spl_def_node_t){0});
+    return vec_size(type->def_table) - 1;
+}
+
+void spl_type_init(spl_type_t *type) {
+    vec_init(type->type_table);
+    vec_push(type->type_table, (spl_type_node_t){0});
+    map_init(type->type_map, spl_type_hash, spl_type_eq);
+    vec_init(type->def_table);
+    vec_push(type->def_table, (spl_def_node_t){0});
+
+    spl_type_node_push(type, (spl_type_node_t){.kind = SPL_TYPE_VOID});
+    spl_type_node_push(type, (spl_type_node_t){.kind = SPL_TYPE_BOOL});
+    spl_type_node_push(type, (spl_type_node_t){
+                                 .kind = SPL_TYPE_INT,
+                                 .int_type.bits = 8,
+                                 .int_type.is_signed = false,
+                             });
+    spl_type_node_push(type, (spl_type_node_t){
+                                 .kind = SPL_TYPE_INT,
+                                 .int_type.bits = 16,
+                                 .int_type.is_signed = false,
+                             });
+    spl_type_node_push(type, (spl_type_node_t){
+                                 .kind = SPL_TYPE_INT,
+                                 .int_type.bits = 32,
+                                 .int_type.is_signed = false,
+                             });
+    spl_type_node_push(type, (spl_type_node_t){
+                                 .kind = SPL_TYPE_INT,
+                                 .int_type.bits = 64,
+                                 .int_type.is_signed = false,
+                             });
+    spl_type_node_push(type, (spl_type_node_t){
+                                 .kind = SPL_TYPE_INT,
+                                 .int_type.bits = 8,
+                                 .int_type.is_signed = true,
+                             });
+    spl_type_node_push(type, (spl_type_node_t){
+                                 .kind = SPL_TYPE_INT,
+                                 .int_type.bits = 16,
+                                 .int_type.is_signed = true,
+                             });
+    spl_type_node_push(type, (spl_type_node_t){
+                                 .kind = SPL_TYPE_INT,
+                                 .int_type.bits = 32,
+                                 .int_type.is_signed = true,
+                             });
+    spl_type_node_push(type, (spl_type_node_t){
+                                 .kind = SPL_TYPE_INT,
+                                 .int_type.bits = 64,
+                                 .int_type.is_signed = true,
+                             });
+    spl_type_node_push(type, (spl_type_node_t){.kind = SPL_TYPE_FLOAT, .float_type.bits = 32});
+    spl_type_node_push(type, (spl_type_node_t){.kind = SPL_TYPE_FLOAT, .float_type.bits = 64});
+}
+
+void spl_type_drop(spl_type_t *type) {
+    vec_for(type->type_table, i) {
+        spl_type_node_t *n = &vec_at(type->type_table, i);
+        switch (n->kind) {
+        case SPL_TYPE_STRUCT:
+        case SPL_TYPE_UNION:
+            vec_free(n->agg_field_types);
+            break;
+        case SPL_TYPE_ENUM:
+            vec_free(n->adt_type.variants);
+            break;
+        case SPL_TYPE_FN:
+            vec_free(n->fn_type.params);
+            break;
+        default:
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    vec_for(type->def_table, i) {
+        spl_def_node_t *d = &vec_at(type->def_table, i);
+        switch (d->kind) {
+        case SPL_DEF_AGG:
+            vec_free(d->agg_def);
+            break;
+        case SPL_DEF_FN_PARAMS:
+            vec_free(d->fn_params_def);
+            break;
+        default:
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    map_free(type->type_map);
+    vec_free(type->type_table);
+    vec_free(type->def_table);
+}
+
+spl_type_node_t *spl_type_node(spl_type_t *type, spl_type_id_t id) {
+    if (!id || id >= vec_size(type->type_table))
+        return NULL;
+    return &vec_at(type->type_table, id);
+}
+
+spl_def_node_t *spl_type_def(spl_type_t *type, spl_def_id_t id) {
+    if (!id || id >= vec_size(type->def_table))
+        return NULL;
+    return &vec_at(type->def_table, id);
+}
+
+void spl_type_pure_dump(spl_type_t *type, spl_type_id_t id) {
+    spl_type_node_t *n = spl_type_node(type, id);
+    if (!n) {
+        printf("(err)");
+        return;
+    }
+    switch (n->kind) {
+    case SPL_TYPE_ERROR:
+        printf("error");
+        break;
+    case SPL_TYPE_VOID:
+        printf("void");
+        break;
+    case SPL_TYPE_BOOL:
+        printf("bool");
+        break;
+    case SPL_TYPE_INT:
+        printf("%s%zu", n->int_type.is_signed ? "i" : "u", n->int_type.bits);
+        break;
+    case SPL_TYPE_FLOAT:
+        printf("f%zu", n->float_type.bits);
+        break;
+    case SPL_TYPE_PTR:
+        printf("*");
+        spl_type_pure_dump(type, n->ptr_pointee);
+        break;
+    case SPL_TYPE_SLICE:
+        printf("[]");
+        spl_type_pure_dump(type, n->slice_element);
+        break;
+    case SPL_TYPE_RANGE:
+        printf("range[");
+        spl_type_pure_dump(type, n->range_element);
+        printf("]");
+        break;
+    case SPL_TYPE_ARRAY:
+        printf("[%zu]", n->array_type.len);
+        spl_type_pure_dump(type, n->array_type.element);
+        break;
+    case SPL_TYPE_STRUCT:
+        printf("struct{%zu fields}", n->agg_field_types.size);
+        break;
+    case SPL_TYPE_UNION:
+        printf("union{%zu fields}", n->agg_field_types.size);
+        break;
+    case SPL_TYPE_ENUM:
+        printf("enum{%zu variants}", n->adt_type.variants.size);
+        break;
+    case SPL_TYPE_FN: {
+        printf("fn(");
+        for (usize i = 0; i < n->fn_type.params.size; i++) {
+            if (i)
+                printf(",");
+            spl_type_pure_dump(type, n->fn_type.params.data[i]);
+        }
+        printf(") -> ");
+        spl_type_pure_dump(type, n->fn_type.ret);
+        break;
+    }
+    case SPL_TYPE_ID:
+        printf("id#%zu", n->type_id);
+        break;
+    }
+}
+
+void spl_type_def_dump(spl_type_t *type, spl_def_id_t id) {
+    spl_def_node_t *node = spl_type_def(type, id);
+    if (!node) {
+        printf("(err)");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    const char *def_kind_name = "null";
+    switch (node->kind) {
+    case SPL_DEF_ERROR:
+        def_kind_name = "error";
+        break;
+    case SPL_DEF_SCALAR:
+        def_kind_name = "scalar";
+        break;
+    case SPL_DEF_MEMBER:
+        def_kind_name = "member";
+        break;
+    case SPL_DEF_VAR:
+        def_kind_name = "var";
+        break;
+    case SPL_DEF_FN_PARAMS:
+        def_kind_name = "params";
+        break;
+    case SPL_DEF_AGG:
+        def_kind_name = "agg";
+        break;
+    case SPL_DEF_DISTINCT:
+        def_kind_name = "newtype";
+        break;
+    case SPL_DEF_ALIAS:
+        def_kind_name = "sametypes";
+        break;
+    }
+    printf("kind=%s type_id=%zu", def_kind_name, node->type_id);
+    switch (node->kind) {
+    case SPL_DEF_VAR:
+        printf(" var=%s", node->var_def.name ? node->var_def.name : "?");
+        break;
+    case SPL_DEF_MEMBER:
+        printf(" member=%s", node->var_def.name ? node->var_def.name : "?");
+        break;
+    case SPL_DEF_ALIAS:
+    case SPL_DEF_DISTINCT:
+        printf(" type=%s", node->type_def.name ? node->type_def.name : "?");
+        break;
+    case SPL_DEF_AGG:
+        printf(" agg{");
+        for (usize i = 0; i < node->agg_def.size; i++) {
+            if (i)
+                printf(",");
+            printf("%s", node->agg_def.data[i].name ? node->agg_def.data[i].name : "?");
+        }
+        printf("}");
+        break;
+    case SPL_DEF_FN_PARAMS:
+        printf(" fn(");
+        for (usize i = 0; i < node->fn_params_def.size; i++) {
+            if (i)
+                printf(",");
+            printf("%s", node->fn_params_def.data[i].name ? node->fn_params_def.data[i].name : "?");
+        }
+        printf(")");
+        break;
+    default:
+        break;
+    }
+}

stage1/spl_type.h

@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+#ifndef __SPL_TYPE_H__
+#define __SPL_TYPE_H__
+
+#include "../stage0/include/utils.h"
+
+typedef usize spl_type_id_t; /* 0 is error */
+typedef VEC(spl_type_id_t) spl_type_id_vec_t;
+typedef usize spl_def_id_t; /* 0 is error */
+typedef VEC(spl_def_id_t) spl_def_id_vec_t;
+
+typedef struct {
+    enum {
+        SPL_TYPE_ERROR,
+        SPL_TYPE_VOID,
+        SPL_TYPE_BOOL,
+        SPL_TYPE_INT,
+        SPL_TYPE_FLOAT,
+        SPL_TYPE_PTR,
+        SPL_TYPE_SLICE, // 未来拥有泛型后删除
+        SPL_TYPE_RANGE, // 未来拥有泛型后删除
+        SPL_TYPE_ARRAY,
+        SPL_TYPE_STRUCT,
+        SPL_TYPE_UNION,
+        SPL_TYPE_ENUM,
+        SPL_TYPE_FN,
+        SPL_TYPE_ID,
+    } kind;
+    struct {
+        enum { AUTO, EXTERN_C, PACKED } mode;
+        usize fixed_align_bits;
+    } layout;
+    union {
+        struct {
+            usize bits;
+            int is_signed;
+        } int_type;
+        struct {
+            usize bits;
+        } float_type;
+        spl_type_id_t ptr_pointee;
+        spl_type_id_t slice_element;
+        spl_type_id_t range_element;
+        struct {
+            spl_type_id_t element;
+            usize len;
+        } array_type;
+        spl_type_id_vec_t agg_field_types;
+        struct {
+            spl_type_id_vec_t variants;
+            spl_type_id_t tag_type;
+        } adt_type; // ADT
+        struct {
+            spl_type_id_vec_t params;
+            spl_type_id_t ret;
+        } fn_type;
+        spl_type_id_t type_id;
+    };
+} spl_type_node_t;
+typedef VEC(spl_type_node_t) spl_type_node_vec_t;
+
+typedef struct {
+    const char *name;
+    spl_def_id_t def_id;
+    spl_type_id_t type_id;
+    usize scope_id;
+} spl_var_def_t;
+typedef VEC(spl_var_def_t) spl_var_def_vec_t;
+
+typedef struct {
+    enum {
+        SPL_DEF_ERROR,
+        SPL_DEF_SCALAR,
+        SPL_DEF_MEMBER,
+        SPL_DEF_VAR,
+        SPL_DEF_FN_PARAMS,
+        SPL_DEF_AGG,      // include enum variants
+        SPL_DEF_DISTINCT, // newtype
+        SPL_DEF_ALIAS,    // sametypes
+    } kind;
+    spl_type_id_t type_id;
+    union {
+        spl_var_def_t var_def;
+        spl_var_def_vec_t agg_def; // include enum variants
+        spl_var_def_vec_t fn_params_def;
+        spl_var_def_t type_def;
+    };
+} spl_def_node_t;
+typedef VEC(spl_def_node_t) spl_def_node_vec_t;
+
+typedef MAP(spl_type_node_t, usize) spl_type_node_map_t;
+typedef struct {
+    spl_type_node_vec_t type_table;
+    // TODO hashconsing
+    spl_type_node_map_t type_map;
+    spl_def_node_vec_t def_table;
+} spl_type_t;
+
+void spl_type_init(spl_type_t *type);
+void spl_type_drop(spl_type_t *type);
+
+void spl_type_def_dump(spl_type_t *type, spl_def_id_t id);
+void spl_type_pure_dump(spl_type_t *type, spl_type_id_t id);
+
+spl_type_node_t *spl_type_node(spl_type_t *type, spl_type_id_t id);
+spl_def_node_t *spl_type_def(spl_type_t *type, spl_def_id_t id);
+
+spl_type_id_t spl_type_def_alloc(spl_type_t *type);
+spl_type_id_t spl_type_node_push(spl_type_t *type, spl_type_node_t type_node);
+
+#endif /* __SPL_TYPE_H__ */

stage1/splc0.c

@@ -0,0 +1,291 @@
+/* splc0.c - SPL compiler CLI (stage 1, 引导用)
+ *
+ *   splc0 --dump tokens|ast|all <file>    dump 前端产物
+ *   splc0 <in> <out>                      编译 (阶段 B 实现)
+ */
+#define __SCC_LOG_IMPL_IMPORT_SRC__
+#include "../stage0/include/utils.h"
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#include "spl_ast.h"
+#include "spl_ast2ir.h"
+#include "spl_ir2vm.h"
+#include "spl_lexer.h"
+#include "spl_sema.h"
+#include "spl_tok.h"
+
+static char *read_file(const char *path, long *out_len) {
+    FILE *f = fopen(path, "rb");
+    if (!f) {
+        perror("fopen");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    fseek(f, 0, SEEK_END);
+    long len = ftell(f);
+    fseek(f, 0, SEEK_SET);
+    char *buf = malloc((size_t)len + 1);
+    if (!buf) {
+        fclose(f);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    fread(buf, 1, (size_t)len, f);
+    fclose(f);
+    buf[len] = '\0';
+    *out_len = len;
+    return buf;
+}
+
+static const char *const tok_type_names[] = {
+#define X(name, enum_name, dummy) #enum_name,
+    KEYWORD_TABLE
+#undef X
+#define X(name, enum_name, dummy) #enum_name,
+        TOKEN_TABLE
+#undef X
+};
+
+static void dump_tokens(const char *src, const char *fname) {
+    spl_tok_vec_t toks = spl_lex(src, fname);
+    printf("tokens got (%zu)\n", toks.size);
+    for (usize i = 0; i < toks.size; i++) {
+        const spl_tok_t *t = &toks.data[i];
+        printf("[%s] %.*s (%zu:%zu)\n", tok_type_names[t->type], (int)t->len, t->lexeme, t->line,
+               t->col);
+    }
+    vec_free(toks);
+}
+
+static void dump_ast(const char *src, const char *fname) {
+    spl_tok_vec_t toks = spl_lex(src, fname);
+    spl_ast_t ast;
+    spl_ast_init(&ast, &toks);
+    spl_ast_prase(&ast);
+    if (ast.parsed < 0) {
+        printf("parse failed, skip AST dump\n");
+        spl_ast_drop(&ast);
+        return;
+    }
+    spl_ast_valid(&ast);
+    spl_ast_dump(&ast, ast.root);
+    spl_ast_drop(&ast);
+}
+
+// static void dump_sema(const char *src, const char *fname) {
+//     spl_tok_vec_t toks = spl_lex(src, fname);
+//     spl_ast_t ast;
+//     spl_ast_init(&ast, &toks);
+//     spl_ast_prase(&ast);
+//     if (ast.parsed < 0) {
+//         printf("parse failed, skip sema dump\n");
+//         spl_ast_drop(&ast);
+//         return;
+//     }
+//     spl_ast_valid(&ast);
+//     spl_sema_t sema;
+//     spl_sema_init(&sema);
+//     sema.ast = &ast;
+//     spl_sema_run(&sema);
+//     spl_sema_check(&sema);
+//     printf("Sema  root_scope=%zu  scopes=%zu  errors=%d\n", sema.root_scope, sema.scopes.size,
+//            sema.error_count);
+//     for (usize i = 0; i < sema.scopes.size; i++) {
+//         printf("scope[%zu] parent=%zu\n", i, sema.scopes.data[i].parent);
+//         map_for(sema.scopes.data[i].symbols, mi) {
+//             printf("  %s -> def#%zu\n", sema.scopes.data[i].symbols.data[mi].key,
+//                    sema.scopes.data[i].symbols.data[mi].val);
+//         }
+//     }
+//     printf("TypeTable:\n");
+//     for (usize i = 0; i < sema.type.type_table.size; i++) {
+//         printf("  id#%zu type=", i);
+//         spl_type_pure_dump(&sema.type, i);
+//         printf("\n");
+//     }
+//     printf("DefTable:\n");
+//     for (usize i = 0; i < sema.type.def_table.size; i++) {
+//         printf("  def#%zu ", i);
+//         spl_type_def_dump(&sema.type, i);
+//         printf("\n");
+//     }
+//     spl_sema_drop(&sema);
+//     spl_ast_drop(&ast);
+// }
+
+// static void dump_ir(const char *src, const char *fname) {
+//     spl_tok_vec_t toks = spl_lex(src, fname);
+//     spl_ast_t ast;
+//     spl_ast_init(&ast, &toks);
+//     spl_ast_prase(&ast);
+//     if (ast.parsed < 0) {
+//         printf("parse failed, skip IR\n");
+//         spl_ast_drop(&ast);
+//         return;
+//     }
+//     spl_ast_valid(&ast);
+//     spl_sema_t sema;
+//     spl_sema_init(&sema);
+//     sema.ast = &ast;
+//     spl_sema_run(&sema);
+//     spl_sema_check(&sema);
+//     if (sema.error_count) {
+//         printf("sema errors=%d, skip IR\n", sema.error_count);
+//         spl_sema_drop(&sema);
+//         spl_ast_drop(&ast);
+//         return;
+//     }
+//     spl_ast2ir_t a2ir;
+//     spl_ast2ir_init(&a2ir, &sema);
+//     spl_ast2ir_run(&a2ir);
+//     if (a2ir.err_count)
+//         printf("ast2ir errors=%d\n", a2ir.err_count);
+//     spl_ir_dump(&a2ir.ir, &sema.type);
+//     spl_ast2ir_drop(&a2ir);
+//     spl_sema_drop(&sema);
+//     spl_ast_drop(&ast);
+// }
+
+static int cmd_dump(const char *flags, const char *path) {
+    long len;
+    char *src = read_file(path, &len);
+    if (!src)
+        return 1;
+    int do_tokens = strstr(flags, "tokens") != NULL || strcmp(flags, "all") == 0;
+    int do_ast = strstr(flags, "ast") != NULL || strcmp(flags, "all") == 0;
+    int do_sema = strstr(flags, "sema") != NULL || strcmp(flags, "all") == 0;
+    int do_ir = strstr(flags, "ir") != NULL || strcmp(flags, "all") == 0;
+    if (do_tokens)
+        dump_tokens(src, path);
+    if (do_ast)
+        dump_ast(src, path);
+    // if (do_sema)
+    //     dump_sema(src, path);
+    // if (do_ir)
+    //     dump_ir(src, path);
+    free(src);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* -g：在 .sir 尾部追加 debug 段（文本：IR 行 + VAR 行），spl_cli -g 读取 */
+static void gen_debug_map(const char *outpath, spl_ast_t *ast, const spl_ir_t *ir,
+                          const spl_ir2vm_t *ir2vm) {
+    FILE *f = fopen(outpath, "ab");
+    if (!f)
+        return;
+    fprintf(f, "SPLDBG\n");
+    // for (usize i = 0; i < ir2vm->fdbg.size; i++) {
+    //     const spl_ir2vm_fdbg_t *fd = &ir2vm->fdbg.data[i];
+    //     if (fd->fid >= ir->funcs.size)
+    //         continue;
+    //     const spl_ir_func_t *fn = &ir->funcs.data[fd->fid];
+    //     const char *fname = fn->name ? fn->name : "?";
+    //     for (usize ref = 1; ref < fd->node_first_ip.size; ref++) {
+    //         usize ip = fd->node_first_ip.data[ref];
+    //         if (ip == (usize)-1)
+    //             continue;
+    //         const spl_ir_node_t *n = &fn->nodes.data[ref];
+    //         fprintf(f, "IR %zu %zu %d %s\n", ip, ref, ast_line(ast, n->src_ref),
+    //                 spl_ir_kind_name(n->kind));
+    //     }
+    //     for (usize j = 0; j < fn->dbg_vars.size; j++) {
+    //         const spl_ir_dbg_var_t *dv = &fn->dbg_vars.data[j];
+    //         if (!dv->name)
+    //             continue;
+    //         fprintf(f, "VAR %s %s %zu %zu %d\n", fname, dv->name, dv->offset, dv->tid,
+    //                 dv->is_param);
+    //     }
+    // }
+    fclose(f);
+}
+
+static int compile_spl(const char *src, const char *fname, const char *outpath, int gen_debug) {
+    // spl_tok_vec_t toks = spl_lex(src, fname);
+    // spl_ast_t ast;
+    // spl_ast_init(&ast, &toks);
+    // spl_ast_prase(&ast);
+    // if (ast.parsed < 0) {
+    //     printf("parse failed, no output\n");
+    //     spl_ast_drop(&ast);
+    //     return 1;
+    // }
+    // spl_ast_valid(&ast);
+    // spl_sema_t sema;
+    // spl_sema_init(&sema);
+    // sema.ast = &ast;
+    // spl_sema_run(&sema);
+    // spl_sema_check(&sema);
+    // if (sema.error_count) {
+    //     printf("sema errors=%d, no output\n", sema.error_count);
+    //     spl_sema_drop(&sema);
+    //     spl_ast_drop(&ast);
+    //     return 1;
+    // }
+    // spl_ast2ir_t a2ir;
+    // spl_ast2ir_init(&a2ir, &sema);
+    // spl_ast2ir_run(&a2ir);
+    // if (a2ir.err_count) {
+    //     printf("ast2ir errors=%d, no output\n", a2ir.err_count);
+    //     spl_ast2ir_drop(&a2ir);
+    //     spl_sema_drop(&sema);
+    //     spl_ast_drop(&ast);
+    //     return 1;
+    // }
+    // spl_ir2vm_t ir2vm;
+    // spl_ir2vm_init(&ir2vm, &a2ir.ir, &sema.type);
+    // int rc = spl_ir2vm_run(&ir2vm, outpath);
+    // if (gen_debug && rc == 0)
+    //     gen_debug_map(outpath, &ast, &a2ir.ir, &ir2vm);
+    // spl_ir2vm_drop(&ir2vm);
+    // spl_ast2ir_drop(&a2ir);
+    // spl_sema_drop(&sema);
+    // spl_ast_drop(&ast);
+    // return rc ? 1 : 0;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char **argv) {
+    if (argc < 2) {
+        LOG_FATAL("Usage: splc0 [--dump <flags>] <in> [out]");
+        return 1;
+    }
+    if (strcmp(argv[1], "--help") == 0 || strcmp(argv[1], "-h") == 0) {
+        LOG_INFO("splc0 <in> <out>              compile (.spl -> .sir, stage B)");
+        LOG_INFO("splc0 --dump <flags> <file>   dump: tokens,ast,sema,ir,all");
+        return 0;
+    }
+    int argi = 1;
+    if (argi >= argc) {
+        LOG_FATAL("Usage: splc0 [--dump <flags>] <in> [out]");
+        return 1;
+    }
+    if (strcmp(argv[argi], "--dump") == 0) {
+        if (argc < argi + 3) {
+            LOG_INFO("splc0: --dump need <flags> <file>");
+            return 1;
+        }
+        return cmd_dump(argv[argi + 1], argv[argi + 2]);
+    }
+    /* splc0 [-g] <in> <out> */
+    if (argc < argi + 2) {
+        LOG_FATAL("Usage: splc0 <in> <out> [-g]  or  splc0 --dump <flags> <file>\n");
+        return 1;
+    }
+    int gen_debug = 0;
+    if (strcmp(argv[argi], "-g") == 0) {
+        gen_debug = 1;
+        argi++;
+    }
+    if (argc < argi + 2) {
+        LOG_FATAL("Usage: splc0 <in> <out> [-g]  or  splc0 --dump <flags> <file>\n");
+        return 1;
+    }
+    long len;
+    char *src = read_file(argv[argi], &len);
+    if (!src)
+        return 1;
+    int rc = compile_spl(src, argv[argi], argv[argi + 1], gen_debug);
+    free(src);
+    return rc;
+}