diff --git a/libs/ast/include/ast_def.h b/libs/ast/include/ast_def.h
index fe861a5..e06a503 100644
--- a/libs/ast/include/ast_def.h
+++ b/libs/ast/include/ast_def.h
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ struct scc_ast_type {
         struct {
             scc_ast_type_t *return_type;
             scc_ast_type_vec_t param_types;
-            cbool is_variadic;
+            cbool is_variadic; // va_arg <=> ...
         } function;
         struct {
             const char *name;
diff --git a/libs/ast/src/ast_dump.c b/libs/ast/src/ast_dump.c
index 702d935..c46f77a 100644
--- a/libs/ast/src/ast_dump.c
+++ b/libs/ast/src/ast_dump.c
@@ -315,6 +315,19 @@ static void dump_type_impl(scc_ast_type_t *type, scc_tree_dump_ctx_t *ctx) {
         break;
     case SCC_AST_TYPE_FUNCTION:
         PRINT_QUOTED_VALUE(ctx, "function");
+        scc_printf("\n");
+        if (type->function.return_type) {
+            dump_type_impl(type->function.return_type, ctx);
+        }
+        if (scc_vec_size(type->function.param_types) != 0) {
+            scc_vec_foreach(type->function.param_types, i) {
+                dump_type_impl(scc_vec_at(type->function.param_types, i), ctx);
+            }
+        } else {
+            start_node_dump(&type->base, ctx);
+            PRINT_QUOTED_VALUE(ctx, "void");
+            // TODO?
+        }
         break;
     case SCC_AST_TYPE_STRUCT:
         if (type->record.name) {
diff --git a/libs/ir/include/ir_dump.h b/libs/ir/include/ir_dump.h
index 08f2881..4bf70b5 100644
--- a/libs/ir/include/ir_dump.h
+++ b/libs/ir/include/ir_dump.h
@@ -10,7 +10,10 @@ typedef struct {
     scc_ir_cprog_t *cprog;
     scc_tree_dump_ctx_t *dump_ctx;
 } scc_ir_dump_ctx_t;
-void scc_ir_dump_ctx_init();
+
+void scc_ir_dump_ctx_init(scc_ir_dump_ctx_t *ctx,
+                          scc_tree_dump_ctx_t *tree_dump, scc_ir_cprog_t *cprog,
+                          scc_ir_cprog_ctx_t *ir_ctx);
 
 void scc_ir_dump_node(scc_ir_dump_ctx_t *ctx, scc_ir_node_ref_t node_ref);
 void scc_ir_dump_type(scc_ir_dump_ctx_t *ctx, scc_ir_type_ref_t type_ref);
@@ -18,4 +21,6 @@ void scc_ir_dump_bblock(scc_ir_dump_ctx_t *ctx, scc_ir_bblock_ref_t bblock_ref);
 void scc_ir_dump_func(scc_ir_dump_ctx_t *ctx, scc_ir_func_ref_t func_ref);
 void scc_ir_dump_cprog(scc_ir_dump_ctx_t *ctx);
 
+void scc_ir_dump_cprog_linear(scc_ir_dump_ctx_t *ctx);
+
 #endif /* __SCC_IR_DUMP_H__ */
diff --git a/libs/ir/src/ir_dump.c b/libs/ir/src/ir_dump.c
index 7062fab..13e0f8a 100644
--- a/libs/ir/src/ir_dump.c
+++ b/libs/ir/src/ir_dump.c
@@ -238,6 +238,14 @@ static void dump_ret_node(scc_ir_dump_ctx_t *ctx, const scc_ir_node_t *node) {
     }
 }
 
+void scc_ir_dump_ctx_init(scc_ir_dump_ctx_t *ctx,
+                          scc_tree_dump_ctx_t *tree_dump, scc_ir_cprog_t *cprog,
+                          scc_ir_cprog_ctx_t *ir_ctx) {
+    ctx->cprog = cprog;
+    ctx->dump_ctx = tree_dump;
+    ctx->ir_ctx = ir_ctx;
+}
+
 void scc_ir_dump_node(scc_ir_dump_ctx_t *ctx, scc_ir_node_ref_t node_ref) {
     scc_ir_node_t *node = scc_ir_ctx_get_node(ctx->ir_ctx, node_ref);
     if (!node) {
@@ -304,32 +312,6 @@ void scc_ir_dump_node(scc_ir_dump_ctx_t *ctx, scc_ir_node_ref_t node_ref) {
 
 // 转储类型信息
 void scc_ir_dump_type(scc_ir_dump_ctx_t *ctx, scc_ir_type_ref_t type_ref) {
-    // impl fmt::Display for TypeKind {
-    //   fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-    //     match self {
-    //       TypeKind::Int32 => write!(f, "i32"),
-    //       TypeKind::Unit => write!(f, "unit"),
-    //       TypeKind::Array(t, len) => write!(f, "[{}, {}]", t, len),
-    //       TypeKind::Pointer(t) => write!(f, "*{}", t),
-    //       TypeKind::Function(params, ret) => {
-    //         write!(f, "(")?;
-    //         let mut first = true;
-    //         for param in params {
-    //           if !first {
-    //             write!(f, ", ")?;
-    //           }
-    //           write!(f, "{}", param)?;
-    //           first = false;
-    //         }
-    //         if !ret.is_unit() {
-    //           write!(f, "): {}", ret)
-    //         } else {
-    //           write!(f, ")")
-    //         }
-    //       }
-    //     }
-    //   }
-    // }
     if (!ctx || !type_ref) {
         LOG_ERROR("invalid parameter");
         return;
@@ -520,3 +502,324 @@ void scc_ir_dump_cprog(scc_ir_dump_ctx_t *ctx) {
         scc_tree_dump_pop_level(ctx->dump_ctx);
     }
 }
+
+void scc_ir_dump_type_linear(scc_ir_dump_ctx_t *ctx,
+                             scc_ir_type_ref_t type_ref) {
+    scc_ir_type_t *type = scc_ir_ctx_get_type(ctx->ir_ctx, type_ref);
+    if (!ctx || !type) {
+        LOG_ERROR("invalid parameter");
+        return;
+    }
+#define PRINT_TYPE(ctx, name) PRINT_VALUE(ctx, "%s", name)
+    switch (type->tag) {
+    case SCC_IR_TYPE_I32:
+        PRINT_TYPE(ctx->dump_ctx, "i32");
+        break;
+    case SCC_IR_TYPE_VOID:
+        PRINT_TYPE(ctx->dump_ctx, "void");
+        break;
+    case SCC_IR_TYPE_ARRAY:
+        PRINT_TYPE(ctx->dump_ctx, "[");
+        scc_ir_dump_type_linear(ctx, type->data.array.base);
+        PRINT_TYPE(ctx->dump_ctx, ", ");
+        PRINT_TYPE(ctx->dump_ctx, type->data.array.len);
+        PRINT_TYPE(ctx->dump_ctx, "]");
+        break;
+    case SCC_IR_TYPE_PTR:
+        PRINT_TYPE(ctx->dump_ctx, "*");
+        scc_ir_dump_type_linear(ctx, type->data.pointer.base);
+        break;
+    case SCC_IR_TYPE_FUNC:
+        PRINT_TYPE(ctx->dump_ctx, "(");
+        cbool is_first = true;
+        scc_vec_foreach(type->data.function.params, i) {
+            if (!is_first) {
+                PRINT_TYPE(ctx->dump_ctx, ", ");
+            }
+            scc_ir_dump_type_linear(ctx,
+                                    scc_vec_at(type->data.function.params, i));
+            is_first = false;
+        }
+        if (type->data.function.ret_type) {
+            PRINT_TYPE(ctx->dump_ctx, ") -> ");
+            scc_ir_dump_type_linear(ctx, type->data.function.ret_type);
+        } else {
+            PRINT_TYPE(ctx->dump_ctx, ")");
+        }
+    default:
+        LOG_ERROR("invalid type tag");
+        break;
+    }
+}
+
+// 辅助函数：输出节点引用或值到缓冲区
+static usize format_node_ref_or_value(scc_ir_dump_ctx_t *ctx, char *buf,
+                                      usize size, scc_ir_node_ref_t node_ref) {
+    scc_ir_node_t *node = scc_ir_ctx_get_node(ctx->ir_ctx, node_ref);
+    if (!node) {
+        return scc_snprintf(buf, size, "%%%u", node_ref);
+    }
+
+    // 如果是常量整数，直接输出值
+    if (node->tag == SCC_IR_NODE_CONST_INT) {
+        return scc_snprintf(buf, size, "%d", node->data.const_int.int32);
+    }
+
+    // 其他节点输出引用和名称
+    if (node->name && node->name[0] != '\0') {
+        return scc_snprintf(buf, size, "%%%u[%s]", node_ref, node->name);
+    } else {
+        return scc_snprintf(buf, size, "%%%u", node_ref);
+    }
+}
+
+// 线性输出节点信息（SSA IR风格）
+void scc_ir_dump_node_linear(scc_ir_dump_ctx_t *ctx,
+                             scc_ir_node_ref_t node_ref) {
+    scc_ir_node_t *node = scc_ir_ctx_get_node(ctx->ir_ctx, node_ref);
+    if (node == null) {
+        LOG_ERROR("invalid node ref");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    static char buff[512]; // 更大的缓冲区处理复杂的指令
+    char *p = buff;
+    usize remaining = sizeof(buff);
+
+    // 判断是否需要输出等号
+    cbool needs_equals =
+        (node->tag != SCC_IR_NODE_BRANCH && node->tag != SCC_IR_NODE_JUMP &&
+         node->tag != SCC_IR_NODE_RET && node->tag != SCC_IR_NODE_STORE);
+
+    if (needs_equals) {
+        // 输出左值和类型
+        if (node->name && node->name[0] != '\0') {
+            p += scc_snprintf(p, remaining, "%%%u[%s]", node_ref, node->name);
+        } else {
+            p += scc_snprintf(p, remaining, "%%%u", node_ref);
+        }
+
+        remaining = sizeof(buff) - (p - buff);
+
+        if (node->type != 0) {
+            p += scc_snprintf(p, remaining, " `");
+            remaining = sizeof(buff) - (p - buff);
+            // p += dump_type_to_buf(ctx, p, remaining, node->type);
+            // remaining = sizeof(buff) - (p - buff);
+            p += scc_snprintf(p, remaining, "`");
+            remaining = sizeof(buff) - (p - buff);
+        }
+
+        p += scc_snprintf(p, remaining, " = ");
+        remaining = sizeof(buff) - (p - buff);
+    }
+
+    // 构建操作部分
+    switch (node->tag) {
+    case SCC_IR_NODE_CONST_INT:
+        // 常量节点定义，直接输出值
+        p += scc_snprintf(p, remaining, "%d", node->data.const_int.int32);
+        break;
+
+    case SCC_IR_NODE_ALLOC:
+        p += scc_snprintf(p, remaining, "alloc");
+        break;
+
+    case SCC_IR_NODE_LOAD: {
+        char operand_buf[64];
+        format_node_ref_or_value(ctx, operand_buf, sizeof(operand_buf),
+                                 node->data.load.target);
+        p += scc_snprintf(p, remaining, "load %s", operand_buf);
+        break;
+    }
+
+    case SCC_IR_NODE_STORE: {
+        char value_buf[64], target_buf[64];
+        format_node_ref_or_value(ctx, value_buf, sizeof(value_buf),
+                                 node->data.store.value);
+        format_node_ref_or_value(ctx, target_buf, sizeof(target_buf),
+                                 node->data.store.target);
+        p +=
+            scc_snprintf(p, remaining, "store %s -> %s", value_buf, target_buf);
+        break;
+    }
+
+    case SCC_IR_NODE_GET_PTR: {
+        char src_buf[64], idx_buf[64];
+        format_node_ref_or_value(ctx, src_buf, sizeof(src_buf),
+                                 node->data.get_ptr.src_addr);
+        format_node_ref_or_value(ctx, idx_buf, sizeof(idx_buf),
+                                 node->data.get_ptr.index);
+        p += scc_snprintf(p, remaining, "getelemptr %s, %s", src_buf, idx_buf);
+        break;
+    }
+
+    case SCC_IR_NODE_OP: {
+        char lhs_buf[64], rhs_buf[64];
+        format_node_ref_or_value(ctx, lhs_buf, sizeof(lhs_buf),
+                                 node->data.op.lhs);
+        format_node_ref_or_value(ctx, rhs_buf, sizeof(rhs_buf),
+                                 node->data.op.rhs);
+        p += scc_snprintf(p, remaining, "%s %s %s", lhs_buf,
+                          get_op_str(node->data.op.op), rhs_buf);
+        break;
+    }
+
+    case SCC_IR_NODE_BRANCH:
+        if (node->data.branch.cond) {
+            char cond_buf[64];
+            format_node_ref_or_value(ctx, cond_buf, sizeof(cond_buf),
+                                     node->data.branch.cond);
+            p += scc_snprintf(p, remaining, "br %s, label %%%u, label %%%u",
+                              cond_buf, node->data.branch.true_bblock,
+                              node->data.branch.false_bblock);
+        } else {
+            p += scc_snprintf(p, remaining, "br label %%%u",
+                              node->data.branch.true_bblock);
+        }
+        break;
+
+    case SCC_IR_NODE_JUMP:
+        p += scc_snprintf(p, remaining, "jmp label %%%u",
+                          node->data.jump.target_bblock);
+        break;
+
+    case SCC_IR_NODE_CALL: {
+        char args_buf[256] = "";
+        char *args_p = args_buf;
+        usize args_remaining = sizeof(args_buf);
+
+        for (usize i = 0; i < scc_vec_size(node->data.call.args); i++) {
+            if (i > 0) {
+                args_p += scc_snprintf(args_p, args_remaining, ", ");
+                args_remaining = sizeof(args_buf) - (args_p - args_buf);
+            }
+
+            char arg_buf[64];
+            format_node_ref_or_value(ctx, arg_buf, sizeof(arg_buf),
+                                     scc_vec_at(node->data.call.args, i));
+
+            args_p += scc_snprintf(args_p, args_remaining, "%s", arg_buf);
+            args_remaining = sizeof(args_buf) - (args_p - args_buf);
+        }
+
+        p += scc_snprintf(p, remaining, "call @%%%u(%s)",
+                          node->data.call.callee, args_buf);
+        break;
+    }
+
+    case SCC_IR_NODE_RET:
+        if (node->data.ret.ret_val != 0) {
+            char ret_buf[64];
+            format_node_ref_or_value(ctx, ret_buf, sizeof(ret_buf),
+                                     node->data.ret.ret_val);
+            p += scc_snprintf(p, remaining, "ret %s", ret_buf);
+        } else {
+            p += scc_snprintf(p, remaining, "ret void");
+        }
+        break;
+
+    default:
+        p += scc_snprintf(p, remaining, "<%s node %u>",
+                          get_node_type_str(node->tag), node_ref);
+        break;
+    }
+    (void)p;
+    // 打印完整行
+    PRINT_NODE(ctx->dump_ctx, buff);
+}
+
+// 线性输出基本块信息
+void scc_ir_dump_bblock_linear(scc_ir_dump_ctx_t *ctx,
+                               scc_ir_bblock_ref_t bblock_ref) {
+    scc_ir_bblock_t *bblock = scc_ir_ctx_get_bblock(ctx->ir_ctx, bblock_ref);
+
+    if (bblock == null) {
+        PRINT_NODE(ctx->dump_ctx, "<invalid block>\n");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // 打印基本块标签
+    static char label_buff[128];
+    if (bblock->label && bblock->label[0] != '\0') {
+        scc_snprintf(label_buff, sizeof(label_buff), "%%%s:", bblock->label);
+    } else {
+        scc_snprintf(label_buff, sizeof(label_buff), "<unnamed>:");
+    }
+    PRINT_NODE(ctx->dump_ctx, label_buff);
+
+    // 打印基本块中的每条指令
+    for (usize i = 0; i < scc_vec_size(bblock->instrs); i++) {
+        scc_ir_node_ref_t node_ref = scc_vec_at(bblock->instrs, i);
+        PRINT_NODE(ctx->dump_ctx, "\n  ");
+        scc_ir_dump_node_linear(ctx, node_ref);
+    }
+}
+
+// 线性输出函数信息
+void scc_ir_dump_func_linear(scc_ir_dump_ctx_t *ctx,
+                             scc_ir_func_ref_t func_ref) {
+    scc_ir_func_t *func = scc_ir_ctx_get_func(ctx->ir_ctx, func_ref);
+    if (!func) {
+        LOG_ERROR("invalid function reference");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    static char buff[256];
+
+    // 打印函数签名
+    if (func->name && func->name[0] != '\0') {
+        scc_snprintf(buff, sizeof(buff), "func @%s", func->name);
+    } else {
+        scc_snprintf(buff, sizeof(buff), "func @<unnamed>");
+    }
+    PRINT_NODE(ctx->dump_ctx, buff);
+
+    // 打印函数参数列表
+    if (scc_vec_size(func->params) > 0) {
+        PRINT_NODE(ctx->dump_ctx, "(");
+        for (usize i = 0; i < scc_vec_size(func->params); i++) {
+            if (i > 0)
+                PRINT_NODE(ctx->dump_ctx, ", ");
+            scc_ir_node_ref_t param_ref = scc_vec_at(func->params, i);
+            PRINT_NODE(ctx->dump_ctx, "%%");
+            scc_ir_node_t *param_node =
+                scc_ir_ctx_get_node(ctx->ir_ctx, param_ref);
+            if (param_node && param_node->name && param_node->name[0] != '\0') {
+                scc_snprintf(buff, sizeof(buff), "%u[%s]", param_ref,
+                             param_node->name);
+                PRINT_NODE(ctx->dump_ctx, buff);
+            } else {
+                scc_snprintf(buff, sizeof(buff), "%u", param_ref);
+                PRINT_NODE(ctx->dump_ctx, buff);
+            }
+        }
+        PRINT_NODE(ctx->dump_ctx, ")");
+    } else {
+        PRINT_NODE(ctx->dump_ctx, "()");
+    }
+
+    // 如果有返回类型
+    if (func->type != 0) {
+        PRINT_NODE(ctx->dump_ctx, " -> ");
+        scc_ir_dump_type_linear(ctx, func->type);
+    }
+
+    PRINT_NODE(ctx->dump_ctx, " {\n");
+
+    // 打印基本块
+    for (usize i = 0; i < scc_vec_size(func->bblocks); i++) {
+        scc_ir_bblock_ref_t bblock_ref = scc_vec_at(func->bblocks, i);
+        scc_ir_dump_bblock_linear(ctx, bblock_ref);
+        PRINT_NODE(ctx->dump_ctx, "\n");
+    }
+
+    PRINT_NODE(ctx->dump_ctx, "}\n");
+}
+
+// 线性输出整个程序
+void scc_ir_dump_cprog_linear(scc_ir_dump_ctx_t *ctx) {
+    scc_vec_foreach(ctx->cprog->func_defs, i) {
+        scc_ir_dump_func_linear(ctx, scc_vec_at(ctx->cprog->func_defs, i));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/libs/lexer/src/lexer.c b/libs/lexer/src/lexer.c
index 9cdb5a0..f264019 100644
--- a/libs/lexer/src/lexer.c
+++ b/libs/lexer/src/lexer.c
@@ -419,7 +419,7 @@ void scc_lexer_get_token(scc_lexer_t *lexer, scc_lexer_tok_t *token) {
         token->type = type;
         goto END;
     default:
-        LEX_ERROR("unsupport char in sourse code `%c`", ch);
+        LEX_ERROR("unsupport char in sourse code `%c`:0x%x", ch, ch);
         break;
     }
     goto once_char;
diff --git a/libs/parser/src/parse_stmt.c b/libs/parser/src/parse_stmt.c
index bc9fe87..b07faa8 100644
--- a/libs/parser/src/parse_stmt.c
+++ b/libs/parser/src/parse_stmt.c
@@ -158,10 +158,10 @@ static scc_ast_stmt_t *parse_compound_statement(scc_parser_t *parser) {
     while (!scc_parse_consume_if(parser->lex_stream, SCC_TOK_R_BRACE)) {
         /// TODO
         // scc_parse_is_decl();
-        scc_ast_node_type_t *ret = null;
-        ret = (scc_ast_node_type_t *)scc_parse_declaration(parser);
+        scc_ast_node_t *ret = null;
+        ret = (scc_ast_node_t *)scc_parse_declaration(parser);
         if (ret == null) {
-            ret = (scc_ast_node_type_t *)scc_parse_statement(parser);
+            ret = (scc_ast_node_t *)scc_parse_statement(parser);
         }
         if (ret == null) {
             LOG_ERROR("Invalid statement");